Introduction to human anatomy Flashcards
Gross anatomy
Deals with organs and tissues that can be seen with the naked eye Ex. Organ, organ system, and organism
Microscopic anatomy
Studies things needing a microscope to view (cells, molecules, tissues , histology)
Organism hierarchy
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Cell
Basic unit of life
Regional approach
Study head, torso by region
Surface apporach
Sub of regional approach What we can see or palpate without being invasive
Systemic approach
Such as looking at the digestive system
Caput
Head
Collum
Neck [collar]
Truncus
Trunk - includes: abdomen, Dorsum, and perineum/ pelvis
Thorax
Chest
Dorsum
Back
Dorsal cavities
Cranial and vertebral
Ventral cavities
Inside the truck cavities
pleural
Pericardial
Peritoneal
Thoracic cavities
Made of Pleural (2) - one for each lung
Mediastinum - in between the 2 pleural cavities
- portion of the mediastinum = pericardial cavity for the heart
Functional anatomy
the study of anatomy in its relation to function Ie. Blends together parts of the body and how they function together
Clinical Anatomy
practical application of anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment
Anatomy
To cut up/ apart
Diaphram
Separates thorax and abdomen
Perineum
The part between the thighs just below the abdomen
Cavities of the body Image
Serosa
Made of epithelium
lines outside of the cavity and the internal organs in there
covers the ventral cavity [pleural, abdoinopelvic, and abdominal]
wet surface so things dont stick on each other
Abdominal and pelvic cavities
Contineous cavity
4 types of Serosa
Mesothelium
partietal
visceral
serous cavity
Serosa image
Balloon = serosa
box = body wall
hand = organ
Mesothelium
It’s lines the 2 pleural, 1 pericardial, peritoneal [in the abdominal pelvic cavity]
the same epithilium lines al 4
After this, there is a little bit of connective tissue
Where the membrane covers the inside wall of the cavity and it continues as 1 complete sheet of stuff and run onto the surface of the organs contained in the cavity
Epithelia
Covers all surfaces of the body
Parietal layer of serosa
Th part of the balloon that is pushed up against the wall of the box
Visceral layer of serosa
The part that the hand is touching visceral layer
Serous cavity
Space between the paritetal and visceral layers
has a couple mm of fluid
keeps things wet and can move hand inside and it doesn’t stick to wall of cavity
in reality like a paper bag [ie. No potential space] - if space then abnormal/ problem
Pleura serosa
Covers the lungs
2 separate
right pleura and a left pleura
Pericardium
Serosa that covers the heart
parts can sometimes be called.
Peritoneium
In the abdominal pelvic region this is what the serosa is called
Epicardium
Visceral pericardium
Integument
Organ
covers entire body except the anterior surface of the eye
Skeletal system
Bones and cartilage
rigid support for body
joints
Muscular system
Locomotion and movement
made of cells that can contract
Nervous system
Corellates the adjustments of the body to the changes in the internal environment
Circulatory system
How fluids move around our body
2 parts: cardiovascular - fluid is blood
lymphatic - fluid is lymph
Digestive
Ingest, digest, absorb nutirients
Respiratory system
Good air in and bad air out
oxygen - cells need oxygen for oxphos to make enough atp to keep things going
co2 byproduct removal
Urogential
2 systems in one
urinary
reproductive/genital
share common organs
Glands
Make material that they dont exactly use for themselves
Endocrine system
Series of glands
`Mucosa
Inside surface - ex digestive system
intestine = tube and the hole inside the tube is called the lumen
lining of the lumens of the digestive system, respiratory system, urogential system, and anterior surface of the eye all are covered by this
a muscous membrane
also wet, with a slimy slippery material - generally mucous, in eye it is the tear film
function is to decrease friction between things
located outside of the body, surface that is exposed to environment ; so has a defense system with it
Lamina propria
Same name for all the connective tissue supporting the mucosa
[proper layer]
Mucous epithelium
Has different epithelium for different parts of the mucous
does not have the same name
Anatomical position
Standing
Facing forward
palms facing forward
feet facing froward
Sagittal
Parallel to lung axis
runs front to back k
Median sagittal
If plane is in the midline [right through nose, belly button]
Parasaggital plane
If plane is it not in midline and off to the side, but still going front to back
Coronal plane
Also called frontal plane
splits us into front and back [anteror, posterior]
Transverse plane
Also called horizantal plane
going perpendicular to long axis
Longitudinal sections
Both Sagittal and coronal planes
parallel to long axis
Cross sections
Horizantal and transverse planes
Oblique sections
Anything that isn’t in the orthangonal directions
anything at an angle
Superficial vs. deep
Superficial : toward the surface
deep: away from the surface
profundus = deep
External vs internal
External: outside
internal: inside
Medial vs lateral vs median
Medial: close to midline, but not at the midline
lateral: away from the midline
median: in the midline
NOTE: ONLY REFER TO MIDLINE
IE. My ear is lateral to eye
my eye is lateral to my ear
Proximal vs distal
Proximal: near to
distal: away from
often midline, but doesnt have to be
Anterior vs posterior
Anterior : front
posterior: back
Ventral vs dorsal
Ventral: stomach
dorsal: back
NOTE: in anatomical position defintions same as anterior Posterior
Superior vs inferior
Superior: above
inferior: below
Cranial vs caudal
Cranial: towards head , up
caudal: towards tail, down
Rosteral
Towards beak
Which positions move with the body
When anatomical position is not there, these dont mean the same things
- Ventral/ dorsal
- Cranial/ caudal
these move with the body
NOTE: anterior, posterior, superior, inferior DO NOT MOVE WITH THE BODY.
Bilateral vs unilateral
Bilateral: things on both sides [ie. Eyes] mirror images
unilateral: only have one on one side
Ipsilateral vs contralateral
Ipsilateral: things on the same side [right eye and right leg]
contralateral: on opposite sides [rt eye and left eye]
Dexter
To the right
ie. Right eye is oculus dexter [OD]
Sinister
To the left
ie. Let eye = oculus sinister [OS]
Flexion vs extension
Flexion : decrease angle between 2 body parts
extension : increase angle between 2 body parts
Lateral flexion
To move away from midline
Abduction vs addiction
Abduction : to take away, usually from midline
Adduction: to bring in toward the midline
Circuduction
To go in a circle
Elevate vs depression
Rotation
Spin around an axis
Eyelid movements
upper eye lid and depress lower eyelid to open
To close: elevate lower eyelid and depress upper eyelid
Supraduction
NOTE: reference point for eyes is front since they are spheres
Looking up
rotating eye upwards = also means elevation
Infraduction
To look down
- also called depression
Abduction of the eye
Looking away from midline
also called temporally
Adduction of the eye
To look towards the midline
also called nasally
Incycloduction
Rotating the eye on an anterior posterior axis
if top of eye is rotating inside in toward the inside
also called intorsion
Excycloduction
Rotate top of the eye outward away from midline
= extortion
Anatomical variation
Anaomly
something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected
