Thorax 2

Question 1

When at rest and breathing quietly, How is Inspiration produced: with= without=?

Answer 1

With diaphragm

Without ribs

Question 2

When at rest and breathing quietly, How is expiration produced?

Answer 2

Elastic forces of the diaphragm muscle tonicity

Elastic contraction of the lungs

Question 3

Activation of the External Intercostals produce what sort of movement of what part of the body?

Answer 3

upward and forward movement of the anterior chest wall

Question 4

Activation of the Scalene muscles is used when? What moves?

Answer 4

Deep respiration

1st, 2nd ribs, manubrium moves

Question 5

What type of joint is the sternocostal joints of 1,6,7?

Answer 5

synchondrosis

Question 6

What type of joint is the sternocostal joint of 2-6?

Answer 6

plane synovial

Question 7

What sternocostal joints are most mobile?

Answer 7

2-6 bc it’s plane synovial joints

Question 8

What motion does the sternocostal joints of 2-6 assist in?

Answer 8

pump handle, the upper ribs in respiration of anterior/posterior motion

Question 9

What is the junction of the manubrium and the sternal body?

Answer 9

manubrosternal joint aka sternal angle

Question 10

what sort of joint is sternal angle?

Answer 10

symphesis joint

Question 11

What other feature of the thorax assists with the pump handle motion in respiration?

Answer 11

30 degrees angulation of the ribs below the transverse plane

Question 12

Why will the lungs expand with the thorax?

Answer 12

Interconnection between the parietal and visceral pleura

Question 13

What are the muscles involved in respiration have in common?

Answer 13

they are either attached to the rib, clavicle, or sternum

Question 14

What muscles could be involved inforced inhalation?

Answer 14

SCM, scalenes, external intercostals, Serratus posterior superior, levator costorum, pecoralis minor

Question 15

How is Pectoralis major involved in respiration?

Answer 15

both inspiration/expiration.
Depends on the orientation of the arm, changing it’s origin.
When arm is on its side: expiration
When arm is above the head: inspiration

Question 16

What are muscles of forced expiration?

Answer 16

Internal/ innermost intercostals and

Abdominal muscles

Question 17

During vigorous breathing what occurs to the diaphragm and how?

Answer 17

diaphragm is pushed up by the abdominal wall muscles which raise the intra abdominal pressure

Question 18

How else does the abdominal wall muscles assist the actions of the internal intercostals during breathing?

Answer 18

abdominal wall muscles pull the lower ribs downward

Question 19

Activation of the internal intercostals produce what motion of the anterior chest wall?

Answer 19

downward and backwards movement

Question 20

What other minor muscles are involved in respiration?

Answer 20

levators costarum
serattus posterior muscles
transverses thoracis
innermost intercostal muscles

Question 21

What is the largest blood vessel of the body?

Answer 21

Aorta

Question 22

Where does the aorta come from?

Answer 22

left ventricle of the heart

Question 23

What valve is in between the aorta and the left ventricle?

Answer 23

Semi-lunar valve

Question 24

What is the branches off the aorta in order of branching?

Answer 24

ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta

Question 25

What are the two branches that emerge from the ascending aorta? and where do they go?

Answer 25

right and left Coronary arteries= parincimas of the heart (myo/epi/endocardium)

Question 26

What are the branches of the arotic arch?

Answer 26

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian

Question 27

What does the brachiocephalic trunk branch into?

Answer 27

right common carotid | right subclavian artery

Question 28

What arises to the left and right of the ascending aorta?

Answer 28

Left: pulmonary trunk Right: superior vena cava

Question 29

What is the physical connection between the pulmonary trunk and aortic arch?

Answer 29

fibrous tissue called ligamentum arteriosum

Question 30

In utero what is the ligamentum arteriosum?

Answer 30

ductus arteriosum

Question 31

What nerve travels along the pulmonary trunk and aortic arch area?

Answer 31

vegas nerve

Question 32

What branch of the vegas nerve loops around the ligamentum arteriosum?

Answer 32

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 33

What are the two largest veinous vessels?

Answer 33

inferior vena cava | superior vena cava

Question 34

The inferior vena cava will drain all blood from where?

Answer 34

Inferior the diaphragm

Question 35

The superior vena cava will drain all blood from where?

Answer 35

All superior to the diaphragm

Question 36

What drains into the superior vena cava?

Answer 36

Right brachiocephalic vein | Left brachiocephalic vein

Question 37

How are the right/left brachiocephalic vein oriented differently?

Answer 37

Left is longer and horizontal sitting on top of the heart | Right is vertical and shorter

Question 38

What drains into the brachiocephalic veins?

Answer 38

``` internal jugular (from the neck) subclavian vein (from the UE) ```

Question 39

What space does the internal jugular veins drain into the brachiocephalic veins?

Answer 39

superior thoracic appature

Question 40

What branches from the subclavian artery from the thorax through the transverse foramena of the vertebra superiorly?

Answer 40

vertebral arteries

Question 41

What major vessel emerges inferiorly from the subclavian artery/vein?

Answer 41

Internal thoracic artery/vein

Question 42

How does the internal thoracic artery/vein oriented?

Answer 42

Inside of the thorax running side by side just lateral to the sternum itself. Travels deep to the rib and the parietal pleura, transversus thoracic muscles

Question 43

Once the internal thoracic artery/vein travels through the diaphragm inferiorly into the abdomen, it be in between what two structures?

Answer 43

rectus abdomenus muscle bellies | posterior rectus sheath

Question 44

Once the internal thoracic artery/vein passes through the diaphragm it will change it's name to what?

Answer 44

Superior epigastric artery/vein

Question 45

What does the superior epigastric artery/vein anastamose with?

Answer 45

inferior epigastric artery/vein

Question 46

Where does the inferior epigastric artery/vein emerge from?

Answer 46

exterior iliac artery/vein

Question 47

What supplies blood to the anterior chest walls?

Answer 47

internal thoracic artery/vein

Question 48

What is the groove of the rib called?

Answer 48

costal groove

Question 49

What travels in the costal groove?

Answer 49

intercostal nerve, artery, veins

Question 50

Where does the intercostal artery emerge directly from?

Answer 50

descending aorta

Question 51

What innervates the motor/sensory information to the anterior trunk?

Answer 51

anterior rami

Question 52

What are the intercostal nerves actually?

Answer 52

anterior rami

Question 53

How are dermatomes oriented in the trunk?

Answer 53

T2 starting from the nipple line and in strips down the trunk in order

Question 54

What travels parallel to the vertebra with bulbous units in it?

Answer 54

sympathetic trunk | with sympathetic ganglion providing sympathetic information

Question 55

Intercostal muscles are striated therefore what type of muscles?

Answer 55

voluntary skeletal muscles

Question 56

What is the interaction and connection between the sympathetic trunk and intercostal nerve called?

Answer 56

rami communicante

Question 57

What is the importance of the rami communicante?

Answer 57

connecting the intercostal nerve and sympathetic trunk, if there is a need for autonomic action like high levels of activity to increase respiration sympathetic trunk will send info to the intercostal nerves

Question 58

The intercostal veins unlike the artery don't drain directly into a major vessel. Before draining into the superior vena cava what vessel does it drain into?

Answer 58

Azygos

Question 59

How is the Azygos vein oriented?

Answer 59

Right side of the thoracic vertebral body

Question 60

How does the right intercostal veins drain into the Azygos?

Answer 60

drains directly into the Azygos vein.

Question 61

How does the left intercostal veins drain into the Azygos?

Answer 61

Hemiazygos | Accessory Hemiazygos

Question 62

What intercostals drain into the Hemiazygos and Accessory Hemiazygos veins?

Answer 62

The lower intercostal veins of the left side drain into the hemiazygos and the midrange intercostal veins on the left side drains into the accessory hemiazygos vein

Question 63

How does the upper intercostal veins of the left side drain into the azygos vein?

Answer 63

directly

Question 64

What muscles are in front of the subclavian vein and internal jugular vein?

Answer 64

pectoralis major and SCM

Question 65

The subclavian vein travels under what other muscle besides the SCM and pec major?

Answer 65

pectoralis minor

Question 66

The Internal jugular vein travels under what other muscle other than SCM and pec major?

Answer 66

Omohyoid muscle

Question 67

What does the internal jugular vein lie just in front of in the neck?

Answer 67

common carotid artery

Question 68

Where does the azygos vein enter the superior vena cava?

Answer 68

Posterior aspect of the superior vena cava just before it enters the pericardium

Question 69

What covers the intercostal nerves, artery, vein

Answer 69

parietal pleura

Question 70

How does Rami communcante travel from the sympathetic trunk?

Answer 70

laterally

Question 71

What travels medially off the lower thoracic sympathetic trunk?

Answer 71

Splanchnic nerves

Question 72

What are the Splanchnic nerves?

Answer 72

starting inferiorly starting from T7, it provides sympathetic information to abdomen

Question 73

What transmits parasympathetic information to the abdomen?

Answer 73

vegas nerve

Question 74

What is the path of the vegas nerve superior to inferior?

Answer 74

- Neck: carotid sheath: inbetween common carotid artery and internal jugular vein - travels down through superior thoracic appature - travels on both sides of the heart in the region known as the mediastinum - branches off to provide parasympathetic to the pericardium - some branches go back up to the larynx as laryngeal nerve - inferiorly it will look like cobweb and surrounds the esophagus, now called esophogeal plexus - conti. inferiorly and webs the celiac trunk

Question 75

What provides sym/parasympathetic information to the celiac trunk?

Answer 75

The vegas nerve traveling inferiorly as esophogeal plexus will provide parasympathtic info -The Splanchnic nerves will provide sympathetic info