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Anatomy 3 > Thorax 1 > Flashcards

Thorax 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the bones of the thorax.

A
  • 12 Thoracic vertebrae
  • 12 pairs of ribs
  • Sternum
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2
Q

How is it described how the vertebra, attached ribs, and sternum in the thorax?

A

closed system

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3
Q

What is found in between the osseous bone of the rib and osseous sternum?

A

costal cartilage

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4
Q

What type of cartilage are costal cartilage?

A

hyline cartialge

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5
Q

How are all the ribs oriented?

A

angles downward 30 degrees from posterior to anterior on the transverse plane

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6
Q

Where is the 1st rib found?

A

Anteriorly inferior the clavicle

Laterally/posteriorly deep to the trapezius

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7
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

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8
Q

The union between the manubrium and the body of the sternum is what? and aka?

A

Manubriosternal joint aka Sternal Angle

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9
Q

What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint?

A

Symphysis joint which is a cartilaginous which is amphiarthrosis

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10
Q

When do you see movement of the manubriosternal symphysis joint?

A

In respiration for deep respiration involving the upper ribs

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11
Q

What is the upper notch on the manubrium called?

A

Jugular notch

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12
Q

What is the joint found in between the sternal body and the xiphoid process?

A

Xyphisternal joint

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13
Q

What kind of joint is the xyphisternal joint?

A

synchondrosis joint- contains hyaline cartilage in between the bones therefore it’s a amphiarthrosis joint

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14
Q

What is the developmental course of the xyphisternal synchondrosis joint?

A

early in life it has much hyaline cartilage in between the xiphoid process and the sternal body. As we grow the hyaline cartilage ossifies

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15
Q

The 1st rib’s costal cartilage will articulate with what?

A

Manubrium

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16
Q

The 2nd rib’s costal cartilage will articulate with what?

A

the joint between the manubrium and the body which is also known as the level of the sternal angle

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17
Q

Which number of rib’s costal cartilage will articulate with the body of the sternum?

A

3-7 ribs

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18
Q

When ribs 8-10 costal cartilage merge with the 7th costal cartilage what is that structure called?

A

costal arch

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19
Q

Which ribs are typical ribs?

A

2-10 ribs

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20
Q

Which ribs are distinct?

A

1, 11-12 ribs

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21
Q

Which rib is very short and very flat?

A

1st rib

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22
Q

What are true ribs and false ribs?

A

True ribs will have their own costal cartilage(1-7)

False ribs will not (8-12)

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23
Q

What can ribs 11 and 12 be considered besides false ribs?

A

floating ribs bc it doesn’t articulate with the costal cartilage

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24
Q

What is the joining of the osseous rib and costal cartilage called?

A

costochondral joints

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25
Q

What is the joining of the costal cartilage and osseous sternum called?

A

sternocostal joint

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26
Q

What are the costochondral joints of ribs 1-7 classified as?

A

synchondroses

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27
Q

What are the sternocostal joints of 1st, 6th, and 7th ribs classified as?

A

synchondroses

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28
Q

What are the sternocostal joints of 2-5 ribs classified as?

A

plane synovial joints

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29
Q

What is the angle between the two costal arches called?

A

infrasternal angle

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30
Q

Males/Females have a larger infrasternal angle.

A

Males

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31
Q

What pathology will lead to a larger infrasternal angle? and why?

A

emphysema or COPD. The elasticity of the lung diminished, they can inspire fine, they just can’t recoil out naturally.

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32
Q

The large infrasternal angle is known as what?

A

barrel chest

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33
Q

What is the opening on the superior aspect of the thorax known as?

A

Superior Thoracic Aperture

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34
Q

What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?

A

superiorly- manubrium
posteriorly- T1 vertebrae
laterally- 1st rib and clavicle

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35
Q

What travels through the superior thoracic aperture?

A

Phrenic nerve
Trachea
Vagus nerve
Internal Jugular
Common carotid artery
Esophogus

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36
Q

What What is the large opening formed by the costal arch and the last two ribs?

A

Inferior Thoracic Aperture

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37
Q

What structure lines most of the Inferior Thoracic aperture?

A

Diaphragm

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38
Q

What regions does the diaphragm divide?

A

Thorax from the abdomen

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39
Q

What openings does the diaphragm have?

A

Esophogeal hiatus- for the esophagus
Aortic hiatus- for descending aorta
Caval hiatus- Inferior vena cava

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40
Q

How are the diaphragm hiatuses oriented?

A

Esophogeal hiatus is in the middle
Aortic hiatus is more on the left
Caval hiatus is more on the right

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41
Q

What is the portion of the rib where it’s posterior and medial?

A

the head of the rib

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42
Q

What is the narrow point lateral to the head?

A

the neck of the rib

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43
Q

What is the bump lateral to the neck of the rib?

A

Tubercle of the rib

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44
Q

What is the rounded portion of the rib?

A

angle of the rib

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45
Q

What is the indentation on the underbelly of the rib?

A

Costal groove

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46
Q

What transmits in the costal groove?

A

intercostal nerves

intercostal artery/vein

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47
Q

What muscle insertion in the angle of the rib?

A

Iliocostalis

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48
Q

How are the dermatomes oriented in the thorax?

A

strips correlating to the nerves in the ribs from the anterior ramus

49
Q

Where does the head of rib articulate with the thoracic vertebrae?

A

costal facets, sup/inf costal facets on the body of the vertebra

50
Q

Where does the tubercle of the rib articulate with the thoracic vertebrae?

A

transverse process of the thoracic vertebra

51
Q

What is two head of rib and vertebral articulating joints called?

A

costovertebral joints

52
Q

What is the tubercle of the rib and transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae joint called?

A

costotransverse joints

53
Q

What type of joints are the costovertebral and costotransverse joints?

A

plane synovial joints

54
Q

What vertebra(es) does first rib articulate with?

A

T1

55
Q

What vertebra(es) does 11th and 12th ribs articulate with?

A

T11 and T12 respectively

56
Q

What vertebra(es) does the 2nd rib articulate with?

A

Head of the rib will articualte with the bodies of T1 and T2. The tubercle will articulate with transverse process of T2

57
Q

What vertebra(es) does the 5th rib articulate with?

A

the head will with T4 and T5 body. and tubercle on the T5 transverse process

58
Q

Between the anterior head of the rib and the anterior vertebral bodies are held together by what?

A

Radiate Ligament

59
Q

What is the Radiate Ligament?

A

Primary ligamentous supporting structure between the head of the rib to the costal facets of the vertebral body. also known as the costovertebral joint

60
Q

What is the primary ligamentous supporting structure for the costotransverse joint?

A

Superior costo-transverse ligament
Lateral costo-transverse ligament
Inferior costo-transverse ligament

61
Q

What are the two general movements of the ribs?

A

Elevation and Depression

62
Q

What is Bucket handle motion?

A

Movement of the false ribs, ribs 11-12 in the coronal plane, allowing for medial lateral expansion

63
Q

What is Pump handle motion?

A

Movement of the upper ribs. As we inhale the sternal moves anterior/posterior and superior in the sagittal plane allowed by the manubriosternal joint’s movility

64
Q

What other aspect of the ribs also help to facilitate the Pump hand motion?

A

ribs 30 degree angulation

65
Q

Why is it difficult to palpate the 1st rib?

A

it sits behind the clavicle and in front of it sets the thick pectoralis major.

66
Q

Where does the diaphragm’s fibers converge and merge called?

A

Central Tendon

67
Q

What innervates the diaphragm and how is it innervated?

A

phrenic nerve

two, one on each side right and left

68
Q

What sort of muscle is the diaphragm?

A

skeletral muscle

69
Q

How is the Central tendon unique?

A

It doesn’t attach to bone

70
Q

What is the position of the diaphragm at rest?

A

It is elevated, therefore when it contracts in move inferiorly

71
Q

What nerve roots innervate the diaphragm

A

C3, C4(most important), C5

72
Q

Can you control the diaphragm from one side?

A

Yes due to the two phrenic nerves

73
Q

What lines the actual inner surface of the thorax and diaphragm?

A

Parietal pluera

74
Q

What lines the lung itself?

A

Visceral Pluera

75
Q

What is found in between the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

Serious fluid

76
Q

What is the function of Serious Fluid?

A
  • Reduces friction due to constant lung movement

- Increases surface tension to keep the two layers together

77
Q

What law governs the respiration?

A

Boyel’s Law- Inversely paportionate law of pressure and volume

78
Q

What are the key facts when the diaphragm contracts? volume, pressure, and pressure gradient in the thorax, then inhale/exhale?

A

Diaphragm goes from it’s upward domed natural state to descending downward. Volume in the thorax increases, pressure decreases, therefore a negative pressure gradient, higher barometric pressure, causing inspire.

79
Q

Which is active and which is passive: inspire, expire?

A

Inspire- active

Expire- passive process bc diaphragm will recoil to original position

80
Q

What type of volume is being moved during resting breathing?

A

Tidal breathing/volume

81
Q

What are the attachment sites for the diaphragm?

A
  • back of the sternum
  • inside of the costal arch
  • tip of the 11th and 12th rib
  • T12, L1 vertebra
82
Q

What is the primary muscle of respiration?

A

Diaphragm

83
Q

The diaphragm will emerge from fascia which overlies what two posterior abdominal wall muscles?

A

Quadratus lumborum

Psoas Major muscle

84
Q

What is Quadratus lumborum’s attachments?

A

12th rib
Transverse processes of L1-L5
Iliac Crest

85
Q

What is the Iliopsoas commonly known as?

A

Hip flexor muscles

86
Q

What is the origin point for the Iliopsoas muscle?

A

Vertebral body, transverse processes, and IV joints of T12-L5

87
Q

What body parts does the Iliopsoas effect?

A

Hip and Lumbar spine

88
Q

What nerve is just lateral to the phrenic nerve ?

A

Vagus nerve

89
Q

The phrenic nerve if often found anterior to what muscle?

A

Anterior scalene

90
Q

Where is the Vagus nerve often found in, in the neck region?

A

in between the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein in the carotid sheath

91
Q

What are two rib related muscles that are involved in inspiration?

A

External Intercostals and the Scalene muscles

92
Q

What does a muscle have to attach to, to be involved in respiration?

A

Ribs
Manubrium
Clavicle

93
Q

What are the most superficial intercostal muscles?

A

External Intercostal muscles

94
Q

What are the Scalene muscles?

A

Posterior
Middle
Anterior

95
Q

Which scalenes attach to the 1st rib?

A

Anterior

Middle

96
Q

What does the posterior scalene attach to distally?

A

2nd rib

97
Q

Since the Scalene muscles either attach to the 1st or 2nd rib they are involved in what movement and what action of respiration?

A

Rib elevation

Inspiration

98
Q

What other muscle near the scalene is involved in respiration?

A

Sternocladomastoid

99
Q

What are the attachments of SCM?

A

mastoid process to medial 1/3 of clavicle and manubrium of sternum

100
Q

How is SCM involved in respiration?

A

elevates the attached sites and assists in inspiration

101
Q

How do scalenes look in people with COPD?

A

enlarged to the constant forced inspiration due to the overuse of the scalene muscles in the pumphandle motion of the ribs due to lack of diaphram’s strength

102
Q

Where are intercostal muscles located and how many are there?

A 
in between ribs
3
external intercostal
internal intercostal
inner most intercostal
103
Q

How are the layers of the intercostal muscles oriented?

A

External- run inferior medially (pocket)
Internal- perpendicular to external, superior medially
Inner most- perpendicular to external, superior medially

104
Q

As the external intercostals contract what occurs?

A

elevates and anterior motion the ribs below, allowing for inspiration

105
Q

What innervates the intercostals?

A

anterior rami,

Intercostal nerves

106
Q

What else are innervated by the intercostal nerves?

A

Serratus posterior inferior

Serratus posterior superior

107
Q

What are the serratus posterior muscles involved in?

A

proprioception of the ribs

secondary muscles of respiration

108
Q

What does the inner most and internal intercostal muscles do?

A

depress the ribs

109
Q

What muscles result in forced expiration?

A

internal intercostal

inner most intercostal

110
Q

What muscles are involved in ‘deep respiration”

A

scalenes

111
Q

What is the enlarged internal and inner most intercostal muscles that are on the inner portion of the vertebral bodies?

A

Subcostals. only found in the inside and in the back.

112
Q

What anterior/inferior sets of muscles are also involved in forced expiration?

A

abdominal

113
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the muscles of the abdominal wall? and what is it’s fiber orientation?

A

Rectus Abdominis muscles

-vertical superior to anterior

114
Q

What is the layer deep to the Rectus abdominis muscles and what is it’s fiber orientation?

A

External Oblique

- runs like the external intercostal muscles inferior medially

115
Q

What is the layer deep to the External oblique muscles and what is it’s fiber orientation?

A

Internal Oblique
- runs like the internal intercostal muscles
inferior laterally
perpendicular to external oblique

116
Q

What is the layer deep to the internal oblique and the deepest abdominal wall and what is it’s fiber orientation?

A

Transversus abdominis

-runs transversly

117
Q

What are the functions of abdominal wall muscles?

A

When they contract they move the trunk and compress inward, and compress the abdominal viscera.

118
Q

What happens when abdominal wall contract?

A
  • Increases intra-abdominal pressure
  • forces the diaphragm up
  • results in decreased intra-pleural volume
  • expires
119
Q

What is one of the important functions of the abdominal wall muscles related to powerful breathing?

A

related to powerful forced expiration in cough or sneeze

Anatomy 3 (4 decks)

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