Thorax Flashcards
In what direction do the external intercostal muscles run?
caudoventrad
What nerve(s) innervates the external intercostal muscles?
intercostal nn.
What muscle is deep to the external intercostal mm.?
Internal intercostal mm
In what direction do the internal costal muscles run?
Incline Caudodorsad
What two veins join forming the cranial vena cava?
Right and left brachiocephalic veins
Where does the vena cava drain into?
Right Atrium
Where does the caudal vena cava emerge?
around lumbar vertebra 6 where two common iliac veins merge.
When the caudal vena cava passes dorsal to the liver it
receives hepatic venous blood before going through caval foramen of diraphragm
Where can ansa sublcavia be found?
circling the subclavian artery
What ganglion do the fibers in ansa subclavia pass through first?
cervicothoracic ganglion
Where can ansa subclavia synapse onto?
the middle cervical ganglion or follow sympathetic trunk to head.
What structure does the vagus nerve run with, in what direction?
The esophagus toward diaphragm.
When does vagus nerve trunk?
At esophageal hiatus
Where can papillary muscles be found?
in the walls of the ventricles
what is the structure that connects the pulmonary trunk and aorta as a fetus?
Ductus arteriosis
The ligamentum arteriosum connects what structures?
The pulmonary trunk and aorta
What is the first branch of the aortic arch?
brachiocephalic trunk
what arteries does the brachiocephalic trunk give rise to?
two common carotid arteries
right subclavian artery
Where does the azygous vein empty?
cranial vena cava
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nn.
What are the points of attachment of the diaphragm?
lumbar vertebrae
costal arches
sternum
What pleura surrounds the diaphragm?
diaphragmatic pleura (parietal)
What vein does the phrenic nerve run with?
external jugular vein
How many lobes does the left lung of a dog have?
two;
cranial
caudal
How many lobes does the right lung of a dog have?
four;
cranial
middle
caudal
accessory (dorsal)
What is the thymus?
lymphoid organ in cranial mediastinum, large in puppies, replaced by fatty tissue at sexual maturity.
what is the thorax?
cavity within thoracic wall
what are the three openings of the diaphragm?
Esophageal hiatus
aortic hiatus
caval foramen
What nerves innervate the internal and external intercostal muscles?
intercostal nerves
What accompanies the intercostal nerves?
intercostal arteries and veins
what veins drain into the azygous vein?
internal intercostal veins.
What is the closest pleura to the lungs?
visceral pleura (pulmonary pleura)
What are pleura?
serous membranes that line interior of thoracic cavity, mediastinum, amd envelope the lungs.
What pleura ‘attaches’ the outside of the lungs to other organs
parietal pleura
what are the divisions of parietal pleura?
mediastinal
diaphragmatic,
costal parietal pleura
The mediastinum is what type of space?
potential space
What part of the heart is not included in the mediastinum?
The caudal vena cava
What is the only pleura that surrounds the caudal vena cava?
plica vena cava
What are the muscles that wrap around the central tendon of the diaphragm?
the crura
what foramen runs through the central tendon?
caval foramen
what passes through the aortic hiatus?
azygous vein
descending aorta
thoracic duct
What passes through the esophageal hiatus?
branches of the vagus nerve
Esophagus
What nervous system is the phrenic nerve apart of?
somatic nervous system
What nervous system is the vagus nerve part of?
parasympathetic
What nervous system branches off the lateral horns of grey mater?
autonomic nervous system
Where does the sympathetic nervous system arise?
thoracolumbar region
Where does the parasympathetic nervous system arise?
craniosacral
Where do sympathetic postganglionic nerves run?
With intercostal nn.
What are the ganglia along the vertebra?
Sympathetic chain ganglia
What is the cranial nerve associated with the vagus nerve?
X
Which nervous system has long preganglionic nerve fibers?
parasympathetic
Where are the pectinate muscles found?
Between auricles and atria of the heart.
What is the purpose of the coronary sinus?
returns deoxygenated blood from the heart
Where is the fossa ovalis located?
in the right atrium
Where is the moderator band found?
in the right ventricle to the interventricular septum
What gives rise to the left and right coronary arteries?
aortic sinus
What is the main separation of the bronchus called
the carina
What is the tracheal bronchus?
A cow specific bronchus that goes into right cranial lobe
What lobes are in the left cow lung?
Cranial cranial lobe
cranial caudal lobe
caudal lobe
What lobes are in the right cow lung?
cranial cranial lobe
cranial caudal lobe
middle lobe
accessory lobe
caudal lobe
What lobes are in the left lung of the horse?
cranial lobe
caudal lobe
what lobes are in the right lung of the horse?
cranial lobe
caudal lobe
accessory lobe
What lymph nodes surround the lungs?
hilar lymph nodes
Where do preganglionic nerves always exit from?
The central nervous system
Which NS ganglia are grossly identifiable?
Sympathetic peripheral ganglia
Where do sympathetic nerve fibers leave from?
Thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves and assemble onto the sympathetic trunk/chain.
What is the caudal continuation of the sympathetic trunk?
Splanchnic nerves.
when sympathetic nerve fibers synapse at the cervicothoracic ganglion, where will the postganglionic innervate?
structures in cervical region via vertebral nerve.
What ganglia comes before and after the ansa subclavia?
Before: Cervicothoracic ganglion
After: Middle cervical ganglion
After After: thru vagosympathetic trunk to cranial cervical ganglion.
What innervation does postganglionic middle cervical ganglia have?
Innervation of the thoracic viscera.
What are the fasicles of the vagosympathetic trunk?
preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers
vagal efferent and afferent nerve fibers
What is the vagosympathetic trunk bundled with in the carotid sheath?
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Where can parasympathetic pre-ganglionic nerve fibers arrive from?
Brainstem
Sacral Spinal cord
