Thorax 1

Question 1

retromammary space

Answer 1

space under the breast but superior to deep fascia allowing for movement

Question 2

Describe the 4 quadrants of the breast

Answer 2

divided horizontally and vertically at nipple. Upper inner/ lower inner/ lower outer/ upper outer quadrants

Question 3

What is the axillary tail?

Answer 3

Breast tissue that extends from the upper outer quadrant into the armpit

Question 4

areola

Answer 4

surrounds the nipple, contains sebaceous glands which secrete lubricating and waterproof sebum

Question 5

accessory nipples

Answer 5

can be found along the “milk lines,” extra nipples that may or may not lactate

Question 6

describe the anatomy of a mammary gland

Answer 6

contains 15-20 lobes which drain into the nipple. each lobe is made up of lobules with gladular tissue called alveoli

Question 7

What are the two different states of alveoli? (breast)

Answer 7

during lactation, they swell. otherwise they are smaller

Question 8

Where does the majority of lymph fluid drain in the breast? Where else might it drain?

Answer 8

axillary nodes/ parasternal lymph nodes

Question 9

suspensory ligaments

Answer 9

connect the glandular tissue in the breast to the underlying dermis

Question 10

What blood vessels supply the breast tissue

Answer 10

internal thoracic artery; axillary artery; intercostal artery

Question 11

what joints are found on either end of the clavicle?

Answer 11

sternoclavicular- sternum side; acromioclavicular- arm side

Question 12

sternal angle (of louis)

Answer 12

transition from manubrium to body of sternum at the 2nd rib

Question 13

describe the anatomy of the sternum

Answer 13

manubrium -> angle of louis -> body of sternum -> xyphoid process

Question 14

describe the thoracic cage. how does it differ from the thoracic cavity?

Answer 14

made up of 12 pairs of ribs and the 12 thoracic vertebrae + the sternum. the bottom is defined by the bottom rib (costal margin). the thoracic cavity only goes as far as the diaphram. the thoracic cage also contains the superior abdominal cavity (liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen)

Question 15

describe the anatomy of an inner costal space

Answer 15

there are 11 inner costal spaces. within each space is 3 layers of muscle- exterior, interior, inner most. There is also a vein, artery, and nerve associated with each inner costal space found in the superior part of the space

Question 16

describe the vasculature of the ribs

Answer 16

posterior inner costal arteries are supplied by the descending thoracic aorta, which descends on the left side of the thorax. anterior ICAs are supplied by the internal thoracic arteries, which descend on either side of the sternum. the blood is drained posteriorly into the azygos vein and anteriorly into the internal thoracic vein

Question 17

describe the innervation of the ribs

Answer 17

innervation is done by the ventral rami of t1-t12. ventral rami of t12 is called the subcostal nerve

Question 18

describe the thoracic cavity and its subdivisions

Answer 18

sides- ribs; bottom- diaphram; top- superior thoracic aperture. It is divided into two pulmonary cavities for the lungs, and the mediastinum, which contains the heart, trachea, and other great vessels

Question 19

mediastinum

Answer 19

contains the heart, trachea and other great vessels

Question 20

describe- visceral pleura/parietal pleura/ pleural space

Answer 20

visceral pleura- covers the lungs
parietal pleura- inside wall of thoracic cavity
pleural space- between visceral and parietal pleura containing a slight amount of serous fluids

Question 21

pleural recess/reflection

Answer 21

recess- when two parietal membranes are in contact with on another
reflection- when a parietal membrane shifts from one structure to another eg. from body wall to diaphragm

Question 22

describe the gross subdivisions in the lung

Answer 22

both R and L have oblique fissures. The R lung has an additional horizontal fissure. the top lobes are anterior and superior to the bottom. In the R lung, the middle lobe is lateral and anterior

Question 23

what is the significance of 6-8-10-12

Answer 23

6-8-10- position of the lung boarder at midclavicle, midaxillary, and scapular lines
8-10-12- position of the parietal membrane at the above lines

Question 24

describe the bronchular tree as it descends into the lungs

Answer 24

splits at the carina into the primary or main bronchii. These divide then into lobular bronchi (secondary)- 3 on the R and 2 on the L. In addition, the R has a segment called the intermediate bronchi to supply the middle and lower lobes. The lobular bronchi then divide into the segemental bronchi (tertiary) which supply each pulmonary segment

Question 25

which lung is more likely to become occluded and why?

Answer 25

the R because its primary bronchi is more vertical than the L

Question 26

pulmonary arteries

Answer 26

travel alongside segmental bronchi and supply deoxygenated blood to each lung segment

Question 27

pulmonary veins

Answer 27

travel between adjacent lung segments to collect oxygenated blood and return it to the heart

Question 28

bronchial arteries

Answer 28

supplies the lung tissue with blood

Question 29

hilum

Answer 29

part of the lung where the visceral and parietal membranes meet; where blood and lymph enter and leave the lungs

Question 30

where does the lymph drainage occur in lungs

Answer 30

via the bronchopulmonary nodes and eventually the tracheobronchial nodes

Question 31

describe the mechanics of inspiration/expiration

Answer 31

contraction of the diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity, aided by the contraction of inner costal muscles, which elevates the rib cage anteriorly and laterally. expiration is passive, although forced expiration, such as coughing, is not.

Question 32

Describe the location of breast tissue

Answer 32

Within the superficial fascia, superior to the deep fascia overlaying the pec muscles

Question 33

What four cavities must the developing body cavity be divided into? How does this process initiate?

Answer 33

two pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal. It initiates with the (longitudinal) folding of the septum transversum to separate the peritoneal from the other cavities

Question 34

septum transversum

Answer 34

originates in cranial end of the mesoderm and is folds in to form a barrier between the thoracic and peritoneal cavities in the embryo

Question 35

pericardialperitoneal canals

Answer 35

the separation via the septum transversum is incomplete, and allows communication between the pericardial and peritoneal canals

Question 36

what does the septum transversum become?

Answer 36

central tendon of the diaphragm

Question 37

what will eventually happen with pericardialperitoneal canals?

Answer 37

lungs will grow into them and they will become the pleural cavities

Question 38

pleuropericardial membranes

Answer 38

grow in laterally from the abdominal wall and fuse with one another and the lung root to separate the pericardial and pleural cavities. They will eventually become the fibrous pericardium

Question 39

fibrous pericardium

Answer 39

formed from the fusion of the two pleuropericardial membranes (separates pleural and pericardial cavities)

Question 40

what 5 embryonic structures give rise to the diaphragm?

Answer 40

1. septum transversum- central tendon
2. pleuroperitoneal membranes- fuse and form boarder between abdominal and thoracic cavities
3. body wall- forms edge along body wall
4. c3-c5 somites- forms musculature for diaphragm
5. dorsal mesentary of the esophogus- forms the crura

Question 41

describe the initiation of lung formation.

Answer 41

at approximately 25 days, the respiratory diverticulum diverges from the foregut

Question 42

respiratory diverticulum

Answer 42

will form the epithelial lining of the lungs. forms the trachea. expand into the pericardialperitoneal canals and form the brachial tree

Question 43

what nerve innervates the diaphragm? where does it come from? what structure does it pass through to get there?

Answer 43

phrenic nerve. c3-c5. fibrous pericardium

Question 44

tracheoesphogeal ridge

Answer 44

separates the foregut from the developing lungs