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Anatomy Sem 2 > Thoracic Wall > Flashcards

Thoracic Wall Flashcards

1
Q

how many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12 pairs

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2
Q

what is the joint type of the ribs with the vertebral column? (posterior)

A

synovial joint

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3
Q

how are the ribs attached anteriorly? and what to?

A

costal cartilage, attached to the sternum

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4
Q

how many true ribs? sternum attachment?

A

7 superior ribs. Directly attached to the sternum

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5
Q

how many false ribs? sternum attachment?

A

3 ribs below true ribs. attached to sternum INDIRECTLY, their cartilage attaches to the cartilage of the rib cage above

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6
Q

how many floating ribs? sternum attachment?

A

inferior 2 ribs. DO NOT ATTACH to sternum, they end within muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

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7
Q

which ribs are TYPICAL?

A

ribs 3-9

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8
Q

how many landmarks do typical ribs have? what are they?

A

6- head, tubercle, neck, angle, shaft, intercostal groove

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9
Q

head of typical rib?

A

2 articular facets for articulation with the body of corresponding vertebra above

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10
Q

tubercle of typical rib?

A

1 articular facet articulates with transverse process of corresponding vertebrae

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11
Q

neck of typical rib?

A

located between head and tubercle

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12
Q

angle of typical rib?

A

region where shaft of rib makes a sharp bend

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13
Q

shaft of typical rib?

A

thin, flat, curved part, attaches anteriorly to costal cartilage

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14
Q

intercostal groove of typical rib?

A

located near inferior border of rib, on internal surface. provides protection to intercostal nerves and vessels.

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15
Q

what ribs are ATYPICAL?

A

1, 2, 10, 11, 12

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16
Q

why is the FIRST RIB atypical? (4 points)

A

wide, short, flat.
head possesses ONE ARTICULAR FACET.
SCALENE TUBERCLE on superior surface forms attachment point for anterior scalene muscle.
2 grooves anterior and posterior to scalene tubercle marking site where subclavian vessels cross the rib

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17
Q

why is the SECOND RIB atypical?

A

similar to first rib but possesses a ROUGH TUBEROSITY on its superior surface for the anterior scalene muscle

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18
Q

why is the TENTH RIB atypical?

A

head possesses only ONE ARTICULAR FACET for articulation with the body of its corresponding vertebra

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19
Q

why are the ELEVENTH and TWELFTH ribs atypical?

A

HEAD possesses only ONE ARTICULAR FACET for articulation with body of corresponding verterba. SHORT NECK.
NO TUBERCLE

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20
Q

how many vertebrae in the vertebral column?

A

33 vertebrae

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21
Q

how many regions of vertebral column? name them

A

5 regions- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

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22
Q

4 main functions of vertebral column?

A

protection of spinal cord, supports weight of body above pelvis, forms central axis of the body, has role in posture and movement

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23
Q

all verterbae consist of a …. and an ……. (which is anterior/posterior/lateral?)

A

vertebral body is anterior, vertebral arch is posterior and lateral

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24
Q

what do the vertebral body and arch give? what do these enclose?

A

the VERTEBRAL FORAMEN, enclose the spinal cord inside the vertebral canal

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25
Q

vertebral arch has how many bony prominences? name them

A

5- pedicles, lamina, transverse processes, articular processes, spinous processes

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26
Q

what are the pedicles of the vertebral arch?

A

2 PEDICLES, left and right.

point POSTERIORLY, meeting the flatter laminae

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27
Q

what are the lamina of the vertebal arch?

A

bone between the transverse and spinal processes

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28
Q

what are the transverse processes of the vertebral arch?

A

extend LATERALLY AND POSTERIORLY away from the pedicles.

in thoracic vertebrae they articulate with ribs

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29
Q

what are the articular processes of the vertebral arch?

A

at the JUNCTION OF THE LAMINA AND THE PEDICLES. superior and inferior processes arise. articulate with articular processes of vertebrae above and below

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30
Q

what are the spinous processes of the vertebral arch?

A

POSTERIOR AND INFERIOR bone projection. site of attachment for muscles and ligaments

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31
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7 CERVICAL

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32
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12 THORACIC

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33
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5 LUMBAR

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34
Q

how many vertebrae in sacrum and coccyx?

A

sacrum is 5 FUSED VERTEBRAE

coccyx is 1 BONE

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35
Q

distinguishing features of the THORACIC VERTEBRAE? 4 main points

A

MEDIUM sized. increase in size as move downwards.

2 DEMI FACETS on each side of vertebral body which articulate with head of respective rib and inferior rib.

COSTAL FACET on the TRANSVERSE PROCESSES for articulation with rib

SPINOUS PROCESSES are LONG and slanted inferiorly and anteriorly = increased protection to spinal cord

CIRCULAR FORAMEN

HEART SHAPED BODY

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36
Q

costovertebral joints are the joints between…

A

… the ribs and the vertebrae

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37
Q

costovertebral joints include which 2 sites?

A

between the head of the rib and the vertebral body, and between the rib tubercle and the transverse process of the vertebrae

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38
Q

how many costovertebral joints are there between a typical rib and a vertebrae?

A

3 costovertebral joints

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39
Q

what is the sternum and where does it lie?

A

flat bone, lies anteriorly in middle of chest

40
Q

the important landmarks of the sternum? (5)

A

manubrium, body, jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphoid process (xiphisterum)

41
Q

what is the manubrium of the sternum?

A

most SUPERIOR portion.
TRAPEZOID in shape
lateral edges there is a FACET for articulation with costal cartilage of 1st RIB, and a DEMIFACET for 2nd RIB
INFERIORLY articulates with body of sternum

42
Q

what is the body of the sternum?

A

FLAT, ELONGATED largest part. articulates with manubrium and xiphoid process.
laterally ARTICULAR FACETS for costal cartilages of RIBS 3-6.
DEMIFACETS for 2nd and 7th ribs

43
Q

what is the jugular notch of the sternum?

A

easily palpated, lies at T2 vertebral level. either side are FOSSAE which articular the medial ends of the clavicles, forming sternoclavicular joints

44
Q

what is the sternal angle of the sternum?

A

where the manubrium articulates with body.
level T4 vetebra.
felt as a transverse ridge on anterior aspect, used as level of 2nd costal cartilage

45
Q

what is the xiphoid process of the sternum? or xiphisternum?

A

cartilaginous in young adults, ossifies with age. denotes position of central tendon of diaphragm and inferior border of heart.
T10 level

46
Q

what does the sternum articulate and where?

A

with the clavicle

and with upper 7 ribs

47
Q

what is the sternoclavicular joint classed as functionally and structurally?

A

functionally synovial, structurally saddle

48
Q

what are the 2nd to 7th sternocostal joints classed as?

A

synovial

49
Q

what type of joint is it between 1st rib and mandibrum of sternum?

A

synchondris (where hyaline cartilage is the connective medium)

50
Q

what are the accessory muscles of the thoracic wall? (5)

A

pect major, pec minor, serratus anterior, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes

51
Q

when are the accessory muscles of thoracic wall used?

A

when ventilation is forces eg during exercise, or in respiratory disorder

52
Q

what other muscles other than accessory are used during forced ventilation?

A

the abdominal muscles, used only during EXPIRATORY phase

53
Q

the origin and insertion of sternocleidomastoid?

A

originates at manubrium of sternum and clavicle.

attaches onto mastoid process of temporal bone of skull

54
Q

the origin and insertion of the scalenes?

A

arise from transverse processes of C4-6

attach onto first or second ribs

55
Q

the origin and insertion of pectoralis major?

A

originates from clavicular head, sternum and upper 6 costal cartilages
inserts onto bicipital groove of humerus

56
Q

the origin and insertion of pectoralis minor?

A

originates from 3rd to 5th ribs

inserts into coracoid process of scapula

57
Q

the origin and insertion of serratus anterior?

A

originates from external surface of upper 8 ribs

inserts onto anterior surface of medial border of scapula

58
Q

sternocleidomastoid muscle use in ventilation?

A

elevates manubrium and medial end of clavicle = forced inspiration

59
Q

use of scalene muscles in ventilation?

A

when contracted they fix the upper ribs making contraction of external intercostals more effective

60
Q

role of pec major in ventilation?

A

increases anterior posterior diameter of the thorax

61
Q

role of pec minor in ventilation?

A

helps move 3-5th ribs up and out

62
Q

use of serratus anterior in ventilation?

A

stabilizes the scapula

63
Q

how many layers of intercostal muscles are there?

A

3- external, internal and innermost

64
Q

what lines the innermost intercostals?

A

endothoracic fascia

65
Q

what distinguishes the intercostal muscles?

A

the direction of their fibres

66
Q

how many pairs of external intercostals are there?

A

11 pairs

67
Q

where does external intercostals extend between?

A

from tubercle to costochondral junction

68
Q

external intercostal fibres run in what direction?

A

antero-inferior direction

69
Q

what do the external intercostals do?

A

elevate the ribs

70
Q

origin and insertion of external intercostals?

A

originate at lower border of ribs

insert into superior border of rib below

71
Q

where do internal intercostal muscles extend between?

A

between sternum and angle of the rib

72
Q

what direction do internal intercostals run?

A

postero-inferior direction from rib above to rib below

73
Q

role of internal intercostals?

A

depress the ribs

74
Q

origin and insertion of internal intercostals?

A

original from lateral edge of costal groove.

insert into superior surface of rib below

75
Q

where are the innermost intercostal muscles found?

A

lateral aspect of ribcage

76
Q

what is the anterior layer of innermost intercostals formed of?

A

transversus thoracis

77
Q

what is the posterior layer of innermost intercostals formed of?

A

subcostal muscles

78
Q

role of innermost intercostals in ventilation?

A

weakly depress the ribs

79
Q

where do the innermost intercostal muscles attach?

A

attach to the inferior surface of the ribs

80
Q

neurovascular structures of the thoracic wall run within the intercostal spaces between which layers?

A

between the internal and innermost intercostals

81
Q

where do the neurovascular structures lie in the intercostal space?

A

in the upper aspect, partially protected by the costal groove

82
Q

order of the neurovascular structures of thoracic wall?

A

VAN- superior intercostal VEIN, ARTERY, inferior NERVE

83
Q

what forms the intercostal nerves?

A

the ventral rami of T1-T11,

and the subcostal nerve from T12

84
Q

what branches are given off each intercostal nerve? (5)

A

rami communicantes, collateral, lateral cutaneous, anterior cutaneous, muscular

85
Q

what is the role of the rami communicantes branch of the intercostal nerve?

A

connects the nerve to the sympathetic chain

86
Q

what is the role of the collateral branch of the intercostal nerve?

A

arises at angle of rib, along superior border of rib below, supplies intercostal muscles and parietal pleura

87
Q

what is the role of the lateral cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerve?

A

arises near midaxillary line, pierces internal and external intercostals, supplies skin on lateral aspect of thorax and abdomen

88
Q

what is the role of the anterior cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerve?

A

pierces muscles at side of sternum, supplies skin on anterior aspect of thorax and abdomen

89
Q

what is the role of the muscular branch of the intercostal nerve?

A

supplies the intercostal muscles

90
Q

what does the superior part of T1 contribute to?

A

brachial plexus

91
Q

how many arteries supply intercostal space?

A

1 posterior intercostal artery and 2 anterior intercostal arteries

92
Q

where do the posterior intercostal arteries arise?

A

in the superior 2 spaces, it arises from the superior thoracic branch of the costocervical trunk
in the remaining spaces, it arises from the thoracic aorta

93
Q

where do the anterior intercostal arteries arise?

A

the upper 6 spaces arise from the internal thoracic artery, remaining vessels arise from musculophrenic artery terminating branch of the internal thoracic artery

94
Q

where do the intercostal veins empty?

A

into the azygous system of veins

95
Q

what happens to the posterior and anterior intercostal veins?

A

they anastomose (cross connect)

96
Q

where do the anterior intercostal veins empty?

A

into the musculophrenic veins

Anatomy Sem 2 (3 decks)

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