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Anatomy Sem 2 > Mediastinum & Circulatory System > Flashcards

Mediastinum & Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

where is the mediastinum?

A

central area of thorax between the two pleural cavities

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2
Q

where does mediastinum extend?

A

superiorly to thoracic outlet and root of neck, inferiorly to diaphragm, anteriorly to sternum, posteriorly to thoracic verterbrae

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3
Q

what is contained within the mediastinum?

A

thymus, heart and large blood vessels, trachea and oesophagus, thoracic duct and lymph nodes, vagus and phrenic nerves, sympathetic trunks

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4
Q

how are the viscera of the mediastinum connected?

A

by loose connective tissue and fat, surrounded by blood vessels and nerves

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5
Q

what is mediastinum divided into?

A

superior and inferior compartments

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6
Q

what is the transverse thoracic plane?

A

horizontal plane from sternal angle to T4/T5 intervertebral disc separating mediastinum

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7
Q

superior mediastinum structures, anterior to posterior?

A

thymus, large veins, large arteries, trachea, oesophagus and thoracic duct, sympathetic trunks

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8
Q

inferior mediastinum structures, anterior to posterior?

A

thymus, heart within pericardium with phrenic nerves either side, oesophagus and thoracic duct, descending aorta, sympathetic trunks

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9
Q

superior boundary of the superior mediastinum?

A

thoracic inlet

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10
Q

inferior boundary of the superior mediastinum?

A

continuous with inferior mediastinum at level of sternal angle

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11
Q

anterior boundary of superior mediastinum?

A

manubrium of sternum

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12
Q

posterior boundary of superior mediastinum?

A

vertebral bodies of T1-4

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13
Q

lateral boundary of superior mediastinum?

A

pleurae of lungs

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14
Q

structures contained within the superior mediastinum?

A

aortic arch, superior vena cava, vagus nerve, phrenic nerves, cardiac nerves, sympathetic trunk, thymus, trachea, oesophagus, thoracic ducts and lympathic vessels, muscles

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15
Q

muscles in superior mediastinum?

A

sternohyoid, sternothyroid, inferior longus colli muscle

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16
Q

where is the inferior mediastinum?

A

between transverse thoracic plane and diaphragm

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17
Q

boundaries of inferior mediastinum?

A

sternum and lower 8 thoracic vertebrae

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18
Q

what divides the anterior and posterior mediastinum?

A

the fibrous pericardium

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19
Q

pericardial sac further subdivides the inferior mediastinum into…

A

anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum

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20
Q

anterior mediastinum?

A

space between fibrous pericardium and sternum

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21
Q

middle mediastinum?

A

pericardium and heart

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22
Q

posterior mediastinum?

A

between fibrous pericardium and vertbral column at T5-12 vertebrae

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23
Q

middle mediastinum contains?

A

pericardium, heart, origins of great vessels, various nerves, smaller vessels, lymphatics, tracheal bifurcation

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24
Q

posterior mediastinum contains?

A

thoracic aorta (descending), oesophagus, thoracic duct, azygous system of veins, sympathetic trunks

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25
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

fibro serous sac surrounding the heart and roots of the great vessels. consists of fibrous and serous pericardium

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26
Q

what is fibrous pericardium?

A

tough connective tissue outer layer, defines boundaries of middle mediastinum

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27
Q

what is the serous pericardium?

A

thin, consists of the parietal and visceral layers

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28
Q

what is the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?

A

lines inner surface of fibrous

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29
Q

what is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

A

aka epicardium, adheres to heart forming its outer covering

30
Q

where are the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium continuous?

A

at the roots of the great vessels anteriorly at arteries and posteriorly at veins

31
Q

what is the pericardial cavity and what is its function?

A

narrow space between parietal and visceral serous pericardium layers, contains fluid, allows potential space for movement of heart

32
Q

what is the oblique pericardial sinus?

A

J shaped cul-de-sac zone of reflection surrounding veins

33
Q

what is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

the passage between the two sites of reflected serous pericardium

34
Q

where does the transverse pericardial sinus lie?

A

anterior to superior vena cava, posterior to aorta and pulmonary trunk, superior to left atrium

35
Q

fibrous pericardium base attachment?

A

to central tendon of diaphragm and on left side of diaphragm

36
Q

fibrous pericardium apex attachment?

A

continuous with the adventitia of the great vessels

37
Q

anterior attachments of fibrous pericardium?

A

posterior sternum by sternopericardial ligaments; retain heart position and limits distension

38
Q

which nerves pass through the fibrous pericardium?

A

phrenic (C3, 4 ,5- innervate diaphragm)

39
Q

which vessels are located within and supply the fibrous pericardium?

A

pericardiacophrenic vessels

40
Q

what arteries supply the pericardium?

A

branches of the internal thoracic, pericardiacophrenic, musculophrenic, inferior phrenic arteries and thoracic aorta

41
Q

what are the veins draining the pericardium?

A

enter the azygous system of veins and the internal thoracic and superior phrenic veins

42
Q

what nerves supply the pericardium?

A

arise from the vagus (X) nerve, sympathetic trunks and phrenic nerves

43
Q

why does pain from parietal pericardium often get referred to as from the supraclavicular region?

A

somatic (pain) sensation is carried by somatic afferent fibres in phrenic nerves

44
Q

what systems is the blood vascular system split into?

A

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

45
Q

how much blood does the average adult contain?

A

5 litres

46
Q

why is the blood system “closed”?

A

blood never leaves the system

47
Q

what is the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

tricuspid valve

48
Q

what valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?

A

the semilunar valve

49
Q

where does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate?

A

at level of sternal angle

50
Q

what branches are given off before the blood vessels enter the lung?

A

the lobar branch to supply the superior lobe

51
Q

what do lobar branches give rise to and what do they supply?

A

to segmental branches, supplying the bronchopulmonary segments

52
Q

what organ/tissue is NOT supplied by the systemic circulation?

A

the parenchyma of the lungs, supplied by the pulmonary circulation

53
Q

valve between left atria and left ventricle?

A

mitral valve (bicuspid)

54
Q

valve between left ventricle and aorta?

A

aortic valve

55
Q

what does aortic artery branch into after the diaphragm?

A

iliac, renal and suprarenal arteries

56
Q

how are portal veins different? eg?

A

eg hepatic portal vein, combines with capillaries of liver rather than leading directly back to the heart

57
Q

where do the right and left coronary arteries begin?

A

near the origin of the aorta

58
Q

where does blood from the coronary veins return?

A

into the coronary sinus, then into the right atrium

59
Q

what valve prevents backfloow of blood during atrial systole?

A

thebasian valve

60
Q

where do the smallest cardiac veins drain into?

A

directly into the chambers

61
Q

where does the anterior brain circulation arises? what does it supply?

A

arises from the internal carotid arteries and supplied front of the brain

62
Q

where does the posterior brain circulation arise? what does it supply?

A

arises from the vertebral arteries, supplies back of brain and brainstem

63
Q

what % of the cardiac output does the renal circulation receive?

A

20%

64
Q

where does the renal circulation branch from?

A

from the abdominal aorta

65
Q

how does blood return to heart from renal circulation?

A

via the ascending vena cava

66
Q

which is the first branch off the aortic arch?

A

the brachiocephalic artery/trunk

67
Q

what does the brachiocephalic bifurcate into?

A

the right common carotid and the right subclavian artery

68
Q

what is the 2nd branch off the aortic arch?

A

left common carotid artery

69
Q

what is the 3rd branch off the aortic arch?

A

left subclavian artery

70
Q

where do the carotid arteries bifurcate and what into?

A

divide in the neck, into internal and external carotid arteries

71
Q

when does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

at the 1st rib

Anatomy Sem 2 (3 decks)

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