Lungs & Respiratory Tract

Question 1

what surrounds each lung?

Answer 1

pleural cavity

Question 2

the lungs are either side of the…

Answer 2

…mediastinum

Question 3

what is the lung root?

Answer 3

collection of structures that suspends the lung from the mediastinum

Question 4

medial surface of left lung close to what structures?

Answer 4

heart, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, oesophagus

Question 5

medial surface of right lung close to what structures?

Answer 5

oesophagus, heart, inferior and superior vena cava, azygous vein

Question 6

what is the rough shape of the lung? includes (5)?

Answer 6

cone shaped; apex, base, 3 surfaces and 3 borders, lobes

Question 7

why is the left lung smaller?

Answer 7

heart

Question 8

what is the apex of the lung?

Answer 8

superior end. projects upwards above first rib into floor of neck

Question 9

what is the base of the lung?

Answer 9

inferior surface. sits onto diaphragm

Question 10

what are the lobes of the lungs?

Answer 10

3 on the right, 2 on the left. separated by fissures within the lung

Question 11

what are the surfaces of the lungs?

Answer 11

3 surfaces; costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic (correspond to area they face)

Question 12

what are the borders of the lungs?

Answer 12

3 borders; anterior, inferior, posterior

Question 13

how many lobes of right lung, what are they?

Answer 13

3; superior, middle, inferior

Question 14

how many lobes of left lung, what are they?

Answer 14

2; superior and inferior

Question 15

what is the oblique fissure of the lung?

Answer 15

runs from inferior border of lung in a superoposterior direction, meets the posterior lung border

Question 16

what is the horizontal fissure of the lung? which lung only?

Answer 16

runs horizontally from sternum, at level of 4th rib, to meet the oblique fissure (only for right lung!)

Question 17

what is the costal surface of the lung?

Answer 17

smooth and convex. faces internal surface of chest wall. related to costal pleura which separates it from the ribs and innermost intercostals

Question 18

what is the mediastinal surface of the lung?

Answer 18

faces the lateral aspect of the mediastinum. lung hilum located on this surface

Question 19

what is the diaphragmatic surface of the lung?

Answer 19

forms base of lung. sits on dome of diaphragm, concave shape. more concave in right lung due to liver

Question 20

what is the anterior border of the lungs?

Answer 20

sharp, formed by converging of mediastinal and costal surfaces. on left lung marked by cardiac notch created by heart apex

Question 21

what is the inferior border of the lungs?

Answer 21

sharp, separates base of lung from costal and mediastinal surfaces

Question 22

what is the posterior border of the lungs?

Answer 22

smooth and rounded. formed by costal and mediastinal surfaces meeting posteriorly

Question 23

what does the lung root contain? (6)

Answer 23

bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins(2), bronchial vessels, pulmonary plexus of nerves, lymphatic vessels

Question 24

what is the hilum?

Answer 24

where lung root structures enter/leave the lung on mediastinal surface of lung

Question 25

what is the bronchial tree?

Answer 25

passages supplying air to alveoli. begins with trachea, divides into left and right bronchus

Question 26

which bronchus has higher incidennce of foreign boy inhalation and why?

Answer 26

right bronchus, wider and more vertical

Question 27

what does bronchus divide into?

Answer 27

in lung, bronchus divides into lobar bronchi

Question 28

what do lobar bronchi divide into?

Answer 28

into tertiary segmental bronchi

Question 29

what do tertiary segmental bronchi supply?

Answer 29

air to bronchopulmonary segments, the functional units of the lung

Question 30

what do segmental bronchi divide into?

Answer 30

bronchioles

Question 31

what do bronchioles divide into?

Answer 31

terminal bronchioles

Question 32

what do terminal bronchioles divide into?

Answer 32

respiratory bronchioles, where alveoli are and gas exchange occurs

Question 33

what is the tracheobronchial tree?

Answer 33

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 34

what marks the beginning of the tracheobronchial tree?

Answer 34

the trachea

Question 35

where does the trachea start?

Answer 35

from the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (oppostie C6 body)

Question 36

where does trachea end?

Answer 36

continuation of larynx at level of sternal angle

Question 37

where does trachea bifurcate?

Answer 37

at left over sternal angle into right and left principle bronchi

Question 38

where is the trachea in relation to the oesophagus?

Answer 38

anterior to it

Question 39

where can the trachea be palated?

Answer 39

in midline in suprasternal notch at root of neck

Question 40

what holds open the trachea?

Answer 40

C shaped rings of cartilage, free ends supported by trachealis muscle

Question 41

what lines the trachea?

Answer 41

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 42

what is interspersed throughout trachea and what do they do?

Answer 42

goblet cells, produce mucus

Question 43

role of mucociliary escalator?

Answer 43

sweeping of cilia and mucus = inhaled particles trapped,, pathogens swallowed and destroyed or coughed out

Question 44

what are carina?

Answer 44

ridge of cartilage at bifurcation of trachea. runs antereoposteriorly between openings of 2 bronchi. most sensitive area for triggering cough reflex

Question 45

sensory innervation for trachea?

Answer 45

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 46

arterial supply of trachea?

Answer 46

inferior thyroid artery gives off tracheal branches

Question 47

venous drainage of trachea?

Answer 47

via brachiocephalic, azygos and accessory hemiazygous veins

Question 48

what are the lines of pleural reflection?

Answer 48

the limits of the parietal pleura where it lies close to the body surface

Question 49

what does the parietal pleura cover?

Answer 49

lines the thoracic wall, diaphragm, lateral aspect of mediastinum, extends into root of neck

Question 50

what does the visceral pleura cover?

Answer 50

covers the outer surface of the lungs, extends into the depths of the interlobar fissures

Question 51

where do the parietal and visceral pleuras become continuous?

Answer 51

at the hilum of each lung

Question 52

what is the pulmonary ligament?

Answer 52

loss fold of pleural cuff, allows for movement of pulmonary vessels and large bronchi during respiration

Question 53

what are the 3 parietal pleura divisions?

Answer 53

cervical, costal, diaphragmatic

Question 54

in deep respiration what happens to the pleural surfaces?

Answer 54

the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae separate

Question 55

what is the costodiaphagmatic recess?

Answer 55

lower area of pleural cavity where lung expands on inspiration

Question 56

parietal pleura is sensitive to? (4)

Answer 56

pain, temperature, touch and pressure

Question 57

costal pleura nerve supply?

Answer 57

intercostal nerves

Question 58

mediastinal pleura nerve supply?

Answer 58

phrenic nerve

Question 59

diaphragmatic pleura nerve supply?

Answer 59

over the domesby phrenic nerve, around periphery by lower 6 intercostal nerves

Question 60

visceral pleura sensitive to?

Answer 60

stretch

Question 61

visceral pleura nerve supply?

Answer 61

autonomic nerve supply from pulmonary plexus

Question 62

thoracic arteries; what? where?

Answer 62

arch of aorta, roots of brachiocephalic and left common carotid arteries, lie behind the manubrium

Question 63

thoracic veins; what? where?

Answer 63

superior vena cava and terminal parts of r and l brachiocephalic veins, behind manubrium

Question 64

where do the internal thoracic vessels run?

Answer 64

posteriorly to costal cartilages, lateral to edge of sternum, as far as 6th intercostal space.