Lungs & Respiratory Tract Flashcards
what surrounds each lung?
pleural cavity
the lungs are either side of the…
…mediastinum
what is the lung root?
collection of structures that suspends the lung from the mediastinum
medial surface of left lung close to what structures?
heart, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, oesophagus
medial surface of right lung close to what structures?
oesophagus, heart, inferior and superior vena cava, azygous vein
what is the rough shape of the lung? includes (5)?
cone shaped; apex, base, 3 surfaces and 3 borders, lobes
why is the left lung smaller?
heart
what is the apex of the lung?
superior end. projects upwards above first rib into floor of neck
what is the base of the lung?
inferior surface. sits onto diaphragm
what are the lobes of the lungs?
3 on the right, 2 on the left. separated by fissures within the lung
what are the surfaces of the lungs?
3 surfaces; costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic (correspond to area they face)
what are the borders of the lungs?
3 borders; anterior, inferior, posterior
how many lobes of right lung, what are they?
3; superior, middle, inferior
how many lobes of left lung, what are they?
2; superior and inferior
what is the oblique fissure of the lung?
runs from inferior border of lung in a superoposterior direction, meets the posterior lung border
what is the horizontal fissure of the lung? which lung only?
runs horizontally from sternum, at level of 4th rib, to meet the oblique fissure (only for right lung!)
what is the costal surface of the lung?
smooth and convex. faces internal surface of chest wall. related to costal pleura which separates it from the ribs and innermost intercostals
what is the mediastinal surface of the lung?
faces the lateral aspect of the mediastinum. lung hilum located on this surface
what is the diaphragmatic surface of the lung?
forms base of lung. sits on dome of diaphragm, concave shape. more concave in right lung due to liver
what is the anterior border of the lungs?
sharp, formed by converging of mediastinal and costal surfaces. on left lung marked by cardiac notch created by heart apex
what is the inferior border of the lungs?
sharp, separates base of lung from costal and mediastinal surfaces
what is the posterior border of the lungs?
smooth and rounded. formed by costal and mediastinal surfaces meeting posteriorly
what does the lung root contain? (6)
bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins(2), bronchial vessels, pulmonary plexus of nerves, lymphatic vessels
what is the hilum?
where lung root structures enter/leave the lung on mediastinal surface of lung
what is the bronchial tree?
passages supplying air to alveoli. begins with trachea, divides into left and right bronchus
which bronchus has higher incidennce of foreign boy inhalation and why?
right bronchus, wider and more vertical
what does bronchus divide into?
in lung, bronchus divides into lobar bronchi
what do lobar bronchi divide into?
into tertiary segmental bronchi
what do tertiary segmental bronchi supply?
air to bronchopulmonary segments, the functional units of the lung
what do segmental bronchi divide into?
bronchioles
what do bronchioles divide into?
terminal bronchioles
what do terminal bronchioles divide into?
respiratory bronchioles, where alveoli are and gas exchange occurs
what is the tracheobronchial tree?
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
what marks the beginning of the tracheobronchial tree?
the trachea
where does the trachea start?
from the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (oppostie C6 body)
where does trachea end?
continuation of larynx at level of sternal angle
where does trachea bifurcate?
at left over sternal angle into right and left principle bronchi
where is the trachea in relation to the oesophagus?
anterior to it
where can the trachea be palated?
in midline in suprasternal notch at root of neck
what holds open the trachea?
C shaped rings of cartilage, free ends supported by trachealis muscle
what lines the trachea?
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
what is interspersed throughout trachea and what do they do?
goblet cells, produce mucus
role of mucociliary escalator?
sweeping of cilia and mucus = inhaled particles trapped,, pathogens swallowed and destroyed or coughed out
what are carina?
ridge of cartilage at bifurcation of trachea. runs antereoposteriorly between openings of 2 bronchi. most sensitive area for triggering cough reflex
sensory innervation for trachea?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
arterial supply of trachea?
inferior thyroid artery gives off tracheal branches
venous drainage of trachea?
via brachiocephalic, azygos and accessory hemiazygous veins
what are the lines of pleural reflection?
the limits of the parietal pleura where it lies close to the body surface
what does the parietal pleura cover?
lines the thoracic wall, diaphragm, lateral aspect of mediastinum, extends into root of neck
what does the visceral pleura cover?
covers the outer surface of the lungs, extends into the depths of the interlobar fissures
where do the parietal and visceral pleuras become continuous?
at the hilum of each lung
what is the pulmonary ligament?
loss fold of pleural cuff, allows for movement of pulmonary vessels and large bronchi during respiration
what are the 3 parietal pleura divisions?
cervical, costal, diaphragmatic
in deep respiration what happens to the pleural surfaces?
the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae separate
what is the costodiaphagmatic recess?
lower area of pleural cavity where lung expands on inspiration
parietal pleura is sensitive to? (4)
pain, temperature, touch and pressure
costal pleura nerve supply?
intercostal nerves
mediastinal pleura nerve supply?
phrenic nerve
diaphragmatic pleura nerve supply?
over the domesby phrenic nerve, around periphery by lower 6 intercostal nerves
visceral pleura sensitive to?
stretch
visceral pleura nerve supply?
autonomic nerve supply from pulmonary plexus
thoracic arteries; what? where?
arch of aorta, roots of brachiocephalic and left common carotid arteries, lie behind the manubrium
thoracic veins; what? where?
superior vena cava and terminal parts of r and l brachiocephalic veins, behind manubrium
where do the internal thoracic vessels run?
posteriorly to costal cartilages, lateral to edge of sternum, as far as 6th intercostal space.
