Thoracic Spine

Question 1

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine?

Answer 1

12

Question 2

Does it have a lordosis or a kyphosis?

Answer 2

Kyphosis

Question 3

What are the origins of sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 3

Sternum

Medial 1/3 clavicle

Question 4

What are the insertions of sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 4

Mastoid process

Question 5

What is the role of sternocleidomastoid in the thoracic spine?

Answer 5

Accessory muscles of respiration

Question 6

What are the attachments of Quadratus Lumborum?

Answer 6

12th rib
Transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
Iliac crest
Iliolumbar ligament

Question 7

What is the function of Quadratus Lumborum in the thoracic spine?

Answer 7

Accessory muscle of respiration

Question 8

What are the origins of the diaphragm?

Answer 8

Xiphoid process
7th-12th rib and their costal cartilages
L1-L3

Question 9

What is the insertion of the diaphragm?

Answer 9

Central tendon

Question 10

Function of the diaphragm

Answer 10

Core stability
Any active contraction during labour
Urinating
Vomiting

Question 11

What are the attachments of the external intercostal muscles?

Answer 11

Superior and inferior margins of the ribs

Question 12

What are the attachments of the internal intercostal muscles?

Answer 12

Lateral edge of the costal groove of the rib superior and inferior

Question 13

What are the attachments of the innermost intercostal muscles?

Answer 13

2nd-6th ribs and their costal cartilages

Question 14

What are the functions of the external intercostal muscles?

Answer 14

Most active during inspiration
Stabilises the chest wall
Moves ribs superiority

Question 15

What are the functions of the internal intercostal muscles?

Answer 15

Most active during expiration

Moves ribs inferiorly

Question 16

What are the functions of the innermost intercostal muscles?

Answer 16

They act within the internal intercostal muscles

Question 17

What are the stabilisers in the thoracic spine?

Answer 17

Multifidus
Rotatores
Interspinales
Intertransversii

Question 18

What are the 3 different layers of Errector Spinae?

Answer 18

Longissimus
Spinalis
Iliocostalis

Question 19

Function of Errector Spinae within the thoracic spine?

Answer 19

Control of Flexion

Extension

Question 20

What are the atypical vertebrae?

Answer 20

T1

T10-T12

Question 21

What shape are the spinous processes?

Answer 21

Long
Downwards pointing
Overlapping

Question 22

What shape are the transverse processes?

Answer 22

Long

Thick rounded process with costal facet for articulation with tubercle of corresponding rib

Question 23

Which way do the articular processes project?

Answer 23

Project almost vertically

Question 24

What makes up the thoracic cage?

Answer 24

Vertebral column 
Ribs 
Costal cartilages 
Intercostal spaces 
Sternum

Question 25

What is the function of the thoracic cage?

Answer 25

Protection of vital organs Provides muscle attachment Assists respiration

Question 26

What makes T1 atypical?

Answer 26

This vertebra articulates with a single facet of its’ own rib

Question 27

What makes T10 & T11 atypical vertebrae?

Answer 27

They lack inferior Demi-facets on their bodies

Question 28

What makes T11 & T12 atypical vertebrae?

Answer 28

They lack transverse costal facets, articulating only with the heads of their own ribs

Question 29

What is the thoracic rule of 3?

Answer 29

``` T1, T2, T3 - SP and TP equal T4, 5, 6 - SP 1/2 level below TP T7, 8, 9 - SP 1 level below TP T10 - SP 1 level below TP T11 - SP 1/2 level below TP T12 - SP and TP equal ```

Question 30

What ribs are the true ribs?

Answer 30

Upper 7 ribs

Question 31

Which ribs are the false ribs?

Answer 31

Remaining 5 pairs

Question 32

Which ribs are the floating ribs?

Answer 32

11 & 12

Question 33

What are the distinct features of ribs 1 & 2?

Answer 33

Rib 1 - flat, slopes inferiorly attaches to the manubrium, contains the scalene tubercle and 2 separate grooves Rib 2 - like rib 1 but twice as long

Question 34

What are the contents of the intercostal spaces?

Answer 34

Intercostal veins and arteries Intercostal nerve Intercostal muscles

Question 35

What does the anterior longitudinal ligament limit?

Answer 35

Extension

Question 36

What does the posterior longitudinal ligament limit?

Answer 36

Flexion

Question 37

What does ligamentum flavum limit?

Answer 37

Flexion | Rotation

Question 38

What are the joints in the thoracic spine?

Answer 38

``` Intertransverse joint Facet joints Sternoclavicular joint Manubrio-Sternal joint Xiphisternal joint Costo-vertebral joint Costo-transverse joint ```

Question 39

What type of joint is the intertransverse joint?

Answer 39

Symphysis joint

Question 40

What type of joint are the facet joints?

Answer 40

Synovial plane

Question 41

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 41

Saddle joint

Question 42

What type of joint is the manubrio-Sternal joint?

Answer 42

Symphysis

Question 43

What type of joint is the xiphisternal joint?

Answer 43

Synchondrosis

Question 44

What type of joint is the costo-vertebral joint?

Answer 44

Synovial plane

Question 45

What type of joint is the costotransverse joint?

Answer 45

Synovial plane joint

Question 46

What muscle actions occur at the thoracic spine?

Answer 46

Flexion Extension Lateral flexion Rotation

Question 47

What accessory movements are there in the thoracic spine?

Answer 47

P-A spinous processes P-A transverse processes P-A rib angles