Thoracic-Lumbar Flashcards
what % of patients with vertebral fracture have concurrent injuries?
what % are thoracic trauma? abdominal trauma?
45-83%
thorax:15-35%
abdomen: 6-15%
what % patients with vertebral fractures have fracture in other areas
14 - 48%
what % patients with vertebral fractures have multiple fractures and luxations along vertebrae?
15-20%
list plating methods to fix and treat spinal fracture
- LCP
- SOP
- spinous process plating (Auburn (metal), Lubra (plastic))
- spinal stapling and modified sequential fixation
- nonlocking lateral vertebral body (not really performed)
what are concerns/disadvantages of using spinous process to treat spinal fracture
- does not stabilize ventral compartments
- not as strong
- spinous could fracture
- device pull out
- ischemic necrosis
what are 4 proposed mechanisms of entry for FCE?
- direct penetration from NP of IVD into spinal cord or vertebral vessels
- remnant vessels within NP
- herniation portion NP into bone marrow of vertebral body with retrograde movement FC into internal vertebral venous plexus
- neovascularization of degenerated IVD
in De Rosio 2007, what % dogs with FCE have no MRI lesions?
21%
factors to implicate outcome/prognosis in FCE?
- cervical/lumbar intumescences SA with greater long term debilitation than lesion of white matter C1-C6, T3-L3
- unsuccessful recovery if MRI lesion to vertebral length ratio >/=2, also if no motor within 2 weeks
list surgical approaches to T-L spinal cord for treatment of IVDD
- dorsal lam
- hemilam
- pediculectomy
- mini-hemilam
- IVD fenestration
- partial lateral corpectomy
- percutaneous discecotomy
- endoscopic hemilam or corpectomy
- dorsal lam with osteotomy of spinous process
prognosis of nerve sheath tumor of spine?
Dogs:
- 1997 study, MST 1419 d
- if brachial plexus DFI 7.5 mo; MST 12 months
- if spinal nerve root @ IV foramen 5 months
Cats:
- 70d in one study
- 2190d in another study
what MRI features has been shown association/ prognostic indicator for outcomes of IVDD?
T2W hyperintensity:
> 3x length L2
(20% dogs with >3x length of L2 get ambulation)
what are some biomarkers to ID IVDD?
MMP-9
CK
protein tau
glutamate
oxytocin in CSF S higher with compressive myelopathies
what is a cholesteatoma?
epidermoid cyst lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
is a subarachnoid diverticula a cyst? how do you treat?
no - no epithelial lining
steroid + sx - dorsal laminectomy or hemi than fenestrate diverticulum and marsupialize
prevalence of degenerative myelopathy? breed over-represented? genetic factors implicated?
1-5%
GDS, pembroke welsh, boxer, rhodesian, husky, mini poodle, chesapeake bay
missense mutation superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1); bernese - AT transition; cats - FeLV antigens
describe the simpler classification of fracture of spine?
focuses on 3 units: IVD, vertebral body, articular processes
so:
- failure of IVD
- fracture of vertebral body alone
- fracture of articular processes
> 1 of the three = surgery
what are good and bad candidates of external coaptation for spinal fractures
best:
small dogs, minimal neuro dysfunction (or normal nociception), intact vertbral buttress, lack of concurrent injuries
poor:
unstable fractures, noncompliant owner, cats, noncompliant patients
where do extradural synovial cysts originate from?
zygapophyseal joint
difference between synovial versus ganglion cyst?
synovial cyst - have synovium like lining of epithelial cells
ganglion - no lining, from mucinous degeneration of articular cartilage
breed/signalment for cervical synovial cyst? prognosis with sx?
young, giant breeds
excellent prognosis
what are the 3 long vertebral ligaments?
supraspinous
dorsal longitudinal
ventral longitudinal
what are the 3 short vertebral ligaments?
interspinous
intertransverse
yellow
which vertebrae is anticlinal?
T11
what muscle attaches to accessory process? what lays just ventral and cranial to tendon attachement?
longissimus lumborum
spinal nerve and vasculature
what is the usual presentation for vascular disorders of spine?
- usually focal deficit/asymmetrical
- most patients not painful
- Cinical signs usually regress within 24-72 hours.