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Anatomy > Thoracic Limb Locomotion > Flashcards

Thoracic Limb Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

Joints of the Forelimb

A

sysnsarcosis
Shoulder
Elbow (cubital)
Carpus
Fetlock
Digital

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2
Q

Manus

A

Forepaw

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3
Q

Pes

A

Hindpaw

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4
Q

Pollex

A

Dewclaw

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5
Q

Digit

A

a metacarpal + 3 phalanges

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6
Q

Phalanx (phalanges)

A

Proximal (P1)
Middle (P2)
Distal (P3)

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7
Q

Palpable Features of the forelimb thats easily recognized

A

a) Acromion; “hammate & suprahammate in cat”;
b) greater tubercle;
c)elbow

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8
Q

Palpable Features of the forelimb that requires deeper palpation

A

a) Spine of scapula;
b) tendon of origin of biceps;
c) deltoid tuberosity
d)lymph nodes

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9
Q

Superficial cervical lymph node

A

Can be palpated and is enlarged when the limb is retracted (bring back)

MEDIAL to the omotransversarus muscle. NOT under, NOT beside, NOT close to!

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10
Q

Axillary lymph node

A

Can be palpated and is enlarged when the limb is protracted ( bring forward)

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11
Q

Mammae

A

Vary from 8 - 12
Thoracic (2 pairs)
Abdominal (2 pairs)
Inguinal (one pair)

Pups nurse the caudal six mammae (best secretion)

Caudal 3 pairs, frequently involved in tumors, and mastitis.

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12
Q

Mammary Neoplasia

A

Uncontrolled growth of mammary cells can be remedied with :

Lumpectomy
Simple mastectomy
Regional mastectomy

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13
Q

Lumpectomy

A

Removal of a mass or part of a mamma

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14
Q

Simple Mastectomy

A

Is an incision of the entire gland

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15
Q

Regional mastectomy

A

Is excision of the involved and adjacent glands

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16
Q

Venipuncture

A

For purpose of withdrawing blood or injection

Cephalic vein and External Jugular veins
are important sites

You draw blood from Veins
You do NOT draw blood from ARTERIES!!!

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17
Q

Extrinsic Muscles

A

(Pectoral Girdle)
At least one attachment (~origin) is external, i.e., to axial skeleton

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18
Q

Intrinsic Muscles

A

Both attachments are internal to limb bones

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19
Q

The functions of Extrinsic Muscles

A

Sling the body between the forelimbs (serratus ventralis & deep pectoral)
-Deep pectoral: sternum to humerus ( weight bearing)
-Serratus Ventalis: sternum to scapula ( weight bearing)

Weight bearing (thoracic limb carries more weight about 60-70%, carry head, neck, thorax)

Stabilize the scapula

 -If pectorals and serratus ventalis are cut (traffic accident) the scapula will be pulled up. abducted

DORSAK Median raphe: supraspinus ligaments
Rhomboids: Medial raphe to scapula
Trapezius thoracis: ???

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20
Q

Extrinsic Muscles Function: Movement

A

During progression, the muscles resolve into antagonist groups that control the swing - Stride gate progression

Protraction
Retraction

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21
Q

Protraction

A

Bring forward (cranially)

In the forelimb
- Advance
- All joints are extended
- End of stride

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22
Q

Retraction

A

Bring back (caudally)

In the forelimb
-Recovery
-Beginning of stride
-All joints are flexed

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23
Q

Extrinsic Muscles: Girdle Muscles Groups

A
  • Superficial layer
  • Deep layer
24
Q

Superficial layer group of the Extrinsic Muscles Girdle Muscle group

A

Trapezius

Omotransversarius (superficial c.l.n.)

Brachiocephalicus

Latissimus dorsi

Superficial pectoral

25
Q

Deep layer group of the Extrinsic Muscles Girdle Muscle group

A

Rhomboideus

Serratus ventralis

Deep pectoral

26
Q

Clinical Consideration of the Extrinsic Muscles

A

Occasionally termination of Serratus ventralis on the scapula is torn by injury
Abnormal elevation of limb (dorsal border of scapula protrudes above level of thoracic spines

27
Q

Muscles that are not apart of the synsarcosis nor intrinsic or extrinsic

A

Sternocephalicus:

Sternohyoideus:

Sternothyroideus:

28
Q

Intrinsic Muscles acting on Shoulder Joint

A

Groups:
Lateral
those on the lateral surface of the shoulder
Medial
Caudal

29
Q

Lateral Group of Intrinsic Muscles acting on the Shoulder Joint

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

They stabilize the joint by offering support

30
Q

Infraspinatus

A

Tendon, and bursa is a “seat of painful inflammation”; &

The belly is suitable for I/M injection.

31
Q

Medial Group of Intrinsic Muscles Acting on Shoulder Joint

A

Subscapularis

Coracobrachialis

Both stabilize the joint; support!!

32
Q

Subscapularis

A
  • arises from the distal end of the scapula
  • a bursa cannot protect it because it is long so it uses a tendon sheath for protection
33
Q

Caudal Group (Flexors) of Intrinsic Muscles acting on the Shoulder Joint

A

Deltoideus

Arthrocentesis
- Teres major
Teres minor
Extensors of Shoulder??

34
Q

Deltoideus

A
  • Shoulder joint puncture: pass needle midway between acromion & greater tubercle through deltoideus
    • needed to figure out what type of infection or for inducing medication
35
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

Not a primary flexor but it is the most powerful flexor

36
Q

Shoulder Joint

A

Joint capsule envelops the tendon of the biceps brachii (intertubercular bursa)

Tendon of biceps brachii is covered by transverse humeral retinaculum.

37
Q

Transverse Humeral retinaculum

A

Luxation of the joint is rare. Why?
No clavicle connection with the trunk
Entire joint “rides” with the blow
Supporting tendons

38
Q

Clinical Consideration of the Shoulder Joint

A

Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)

Fractures

Supracondylar Foramen

39
Q

Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)

A

Erosion of the articular cartilage of head of humerus
Common in giant, rapidly growing breeds of dogs.
Elicits a pain response when the shoulder is hyperextended (stabilizing the scapula)

40
Q

Clinical Consideration of OCD

A

Diagnosis:

Lateral radiograph of shoulder region
# 13 slough off cartilage
Extend the shoulder – shows pain!
because it is swimming in the synovial fluid

41
Q

Clinical Consideration of Fractures of the Humerus

A

are very common
Note the humerus S-shape contour
‘Intramedullary pin’ to repair fractures of shaft

The groove medial to greater tubercle
Intramedullary pin is driven to immobilize fracture of body

42
Q

Clinical Consideration of Supracondylar Foramen (cat)

A

The brachial artery and median nerve pass through

-Fracture at this point can have serious repercussions
43
Q

Intrinsic Muscles acting on Elbow joint

A

Extensors

Flexors

44
Q

Extensor Group of Intrinsic Muscles acting on the Elbow Joint

A

Triceps Brachii ( the main actor)
- long
-lateral
-medial
-Accessory heads

  • Tricipital bursa
  • Subcutaneous bursa
    -The painful one

Aconeus
- mainly to protect the joint capsul rather than an extensor

Tensor Fascia antebrachii

45
Q

Tricipital Bursa Olecranon

A

Elbow joint is punctured cranial to the lateral collateral ligament

Needle is directed distally,& caudomedial
- this is in order to draw synovial fluid from the elbow joint

46
Q

Flexor Group of Intrinsic Muscles acting on the Elbow Joint

A

Biceps brachii
- Transverse humeral retinaculum & intertubercular bursa

Brachialis

47
Q

Clinical Consideration of the Elbow Joint

A

Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)
Ununited Anconeal Process
Panosteitis

48
Q

Clinical Consideration of Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)

A

Generalized swelling of elbow joint

Diagnosis!!
Decreased range of (flexion) motion
Measured with a Goniometer.

49
Q

Clinical Consideration Ununited Anconeal Process

A

If the anconeal process fails to ossify, or if it becomes detached, the loose piece causes severe lameness
Mainly encountered in larger breeds

50
Q

Clinical Consideration of Panosteitis

A

(juvenile osteomylitis):

Lesions are found in proximal radius

Self-limiting disease of young, large breeds of dogs (eosinophilia) ( numbers of the eoisinophil go up)

A disease of Unknown origin. Endosteal bone formation as the marrow is invaded by bone trabeculae. Predominantly affects male (80%).

51
Q

Surgical Approach to Elbow Joint

A

Incision through skin, s/c tissue over caudal Proximal ulna.

Elevate flexor Carpi ulnaris, & DDF medially, & ulnaris lateralis laterally to expose the bone

52
Q

Intrinsic Muscles acting on the Carpal & Digital Joints

A

Extensors

Flexors

53
Q

Extensor Group of Intrinsic Muscles acting on the Carpal & Digital Joints

A

Extensor Carpi radialis

Ulnaris lateralis
-(Extensor Carpi ulnaris)

Abductor pollicis longus

Common digital extensor

Lateral digital extensor

-These muscles have the following features in common:

 -Extensor action on the carpus joint

 -Craniolateral position on forearm

 -Origin from lateral epicondyle of humerus

 -Supplied by the same nerve
54
Q

Intrinsic Group of Intrinsic Muscles acting on the Carpal & Digital Joints

A

Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Superficial digital flexor
Deep digital flexor

These muscle have the following features in common:
-Flexor action on the carpus joint
-Caudal position on forearm
-Origin from medial epicondyle of humerus
-Supplied by the same nerve

55
Q

Clinical Consideration of the radius

A

Fractures of the radius are among the most common in the dog
Surgical exposure of the the radial diaphysis (shaft) is by retracting the Extensor carpi radialis laterally.

56
Q

Surgical Approach to declawing

A

Dorsal Elastic Ligament:
(Onychectomy) = removal of the 3rd ‘distal’ phalanx

57
Q

Intrinsic Muscles acting on Shoulder Joint

A

Groups:
Lateral
those on the lateral surface of the shoulder
Medial
Caudal

Anatomy (8 decks)

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