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Thoracic Limb Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

Joints of the Forelimb

A

sysnsarcosis
Shoulder
Elbow (cubital)
Carpus
Fetlock
Digital

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2
Q

Manus

A

Forepaw

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3
Q

Pes

A

Hindpaw

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4
Q

Pollex

A

Dewclaw

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5
Q

Digit

A

a metacarpal + 3 phalanges

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6
Q

Phalanx (phalanges)

A

Proximal (P1)
Middle (P2)
Distal (P3)

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7
Q

Palpable Features of the forelimb thats easily recognized

A

a) Acromion; “hammate & suprahammate in cat”;
b) greater tubercle;
c)elbow

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8
Q

Palpable Features of the forelimb that requires deeper palpation

A

a) Spine of scapula;
b) tendon of origin of biceps;
c) deltoid tuberosity
d)lymph nodes

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9
Q

Superficial cervical lymph node

A

Can be palpated and is enlarged when the limb is retracted (bring back)

MEDIAL to the omotransversarus muscle. NOT under, NOT beside, NOT close to!

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10
Q

Axillary lymph node

A

Can be palpated and is enlarged when the limb is protracted ( bring forward)

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11
Q

Mammae

A

Vary from 8 - 12
Thoracic (2 pairs)
Abdominal (2 pairs)
Inguinal (one pair)

Pups nurse the caudal six mammae (best secretion)

Caudal 3 pairs, frequently involved in tumors, and mastitis.

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12
Q

Mammary Neoplasia

A

Uncontrolled growth of mammary cells can be remedied with :

Lumpectomy
Simple mastectomy
Regional mastectomy

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13
Q

Lumpectomy

A

Removal of a mass or part of a mamma

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14
Q

Simple Mastectomy

A

Is an incision of the entire gland

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15
Q

Regional mastectomy

A

Is excision of the involved and adjacent glands

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16
Q

Venipuncture

A

For purpose of withdrawing blood or injection

Cephalic vein and External Jugular veins
are important sites

You draw blood from Veins
You do NOT draw blood from ARTERIES!!!

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17
Q

Extrinsic Muscles

A

(Pectoral Girdle)
At least one attachment (~origin) is external, i.e., to axial skeleton

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18
Q

Intrinsic Muscles

A

Both attachments are internal to limb bones

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19
Q

The functions of Extrinsic Muscles

A

Sling the body between the forelimbs (serratus ventralis & deep pectoral)
-Deep pectoral: sternum to humerus ( weight bearing)
-Serratus Ventalis: sternum to scapula ( weight bearing)

Weight bearing (thoracic limb carries more weight about 60-70%, carry head, neck, thorax)

Stabilize the scapula

 -If pectorals and serratus ventalis are cut (traffic accident) the scapula will be pulled up. abducted

DORSAK Median raphe: supraspinus ligaments
Rhomboids: Medial raphe to scapula
Trapezius thoracis: ???

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20
Q

Extrinsic Muscles Function: Movement

A

During progression, the muscles resolve into antagonist groups that control the swing - Stride gate progression

Protraction
Retraction

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21
Q

Protraction

A

Bring forward (cranially)

In the forelimb
- Advance
- All joints are extended
- End of stride

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22
Q

Retraction

A

Bring back (caudally)

In the forelimb
-Recovery
-Beginning of stride
-All joints are flexed

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23
Q

Extrinsic Muscles: Girdle Muscles Groups

A
  • Superficial layer
  • Deep layer
24
Q

Superficial layer group of the Extrinsic Muscles Girdle Muscle group

A

Trapezius

Omotransversarius (superficial c.l.n.)

Brachiocephalicus

Latissimus dorsi

Superficial pectoral

25
Deep layer group of the Extrinsic Muscles Girdle Muscle group
Rhomboideus Serratus ventralis Deep pectoral
26
Clinical Consideration of the Extrinsic Muscles
Occasionally termination of Serratus ventralis on the scapula is torn by injury Abnormal elevation of limb (dorsal border of scapula protrudes above level of thoracic spines
27
Muscles that are not apart of the synsarcosis nor intrinsic or extrinsic
Sternocephalicus: Sternohyoideus: Sternothyroideus:
28
Intrinsic Muscles acting on Shoulder Joint
Groups: Lateral those on the lateral surface of the shoulder Medial Caudal
29
Lateral Group of Intrinsic Muscles acting on the Shoulder Joint
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus They stabilize the joint by offering support
30
Infraspinatus
Tendon, and bursa is a “seat of painful inflammation”; & The belly is suitable for I/M injection.
31
Medial Group of Intrinsic Muscles Acting on Shoulder Joint
Subscapularis Coracobrachialis Both stabilize the joint; support!!
32
Subscapularis
- arises from the distal end of the scapula - a bursa cannot protect it because it is long so it uses a tendon sheath for protection
33
Caudal Group (Flexors) of Intrinsic Muscles acting on the Shoulder Joint
Deltoideus Arthrocentesis - Teres major Teres minor Extensors of Shoulder??
34
Deltoideus
- Shoulder joint puncture: pass needle midway between acromion & greater tubercle through deltoideus - needed to figure out what type of infection or for inducing medication
35
Latissimus Dorsi
Not a primary flexor but it is the most powerful flexor
36
Shoulder Joint
Joint capsule envelops the tendon of the biceps brachii (intertubercular bursa) Tendon of biceps brachii is covered by transverse humeral retinaculum.
37
Transverse Humeral retinaculum
Luxation of the joint is rare. Why? No clavicle connection with the trunk Entire joint “rides” with the blow Supporting tendons
38
Clinical Consideration of the Shoulder Joint
Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) Fractures Supracondylar Foramen
39
Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)
Erosion of the articular cartilage of head of humerus Common in giant, rapidly growing breeds of dogs. Elicits a pain response when the shoulder is hyperextended (stabilizing the scapula)
40
Clinical Consideration of OCD
Diagnosis: Lateral radiograph of shoulder region # 13 slough off cartilage Extend the shoulder – shows pain! because it is swimming in the synovial fluid
41
Clinical Consideration of Fractures of the Humerus
are very common Note the humerus S-shape contour ‘Intramedullary pin’ to repair fractures of shaft The groove medial to greater tubercle Intramedullary pin is driven to immobilize fracture of body
42
Clinical Consideration of Supracondylar Foramen (cat)
The brachial artery and median nerve pass through -Fracture at this point can have serious repercussions
43
Intrinsic Muscles acting on Elbow joint
Extensors Flexors
44
Extensor Group of Intrinsic Muscles acting on the Elbow Joint
Triceps Brachii ( the main actor) - long -lateral -medial -Accessory heads - Tricipital bursa - Subcutaneous bursa -The painful one Aconeus - mainly to protect the joint capsul rather than an extensor Tensor Fascia antebrachii
45
Tricipital Bursa Olecranon
Elbow joint is punctured cranial to the lateral collateral ligament Needle is directed distally,& caudomedial - this is in order to draw synovial fluid from the elbow joint
46
Flexor Group of Intrinsic Muscles acting on the Elbow Joint
Biceps brachii - Transverse humeral retinaculum & intertubercular bursa Brachialis
47
Clinical Consideration of the Elbow Joint
Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) Ununited Anconeal Process Panosteitis
48
Clinical Consideration of Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)
Generalized swelling of elbow joint Diagnosis!! Decreased range of (flexion) motion Measured with a Goniometer.
49
Clinical Consideration Ununited Anconeal Process
If the anconeal process fails to ossify, or if it becomes detached, the loose piece causes severe lameness Mainly encountered in larger breeds
50
Clinical Consideration of Panosteitis
(juvenile osteomylitis): Lesions are found in proximal radius Self-limiting disease of young, large breeds of dogs (eosinophilia) ( numbers of the eoisinophil go up) A disease of Unknown origin. Endosteal bone formation as the marrow is invaded by bone trabeculae. Predominantly affects male (80%).
51
Surgical Approach to Elbow Joint
Incision through skin, s/c tissue over caudal Proximal ulna. Elevate flexor Carpi ulnaris, & DDF medially, & ulnaris lateralis laterally to expose the bone
52
Intrinsic Muscles acting on the Carpal & Digital Joints
Extensors Flexors
53
Extensor Group of Intrinsic Muscles acting on the Carpal & Digital Joints
Extensor Carpi radialis Ulnaris lateralis -(Extensor Carpi ulnaris) Abductor pollicis longus Common digital extensor Lateral digital extensor -These muscles have the following features in common: -Extensor action on the carpus joint -Craniolateral position on forearm -Origin from lateral epicondyle of humerus -Supplied by the same nerve
54
Intrinsic Group of Intrinsic Muscles acting on the Carpal & Digital Joints
Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Superficial digital flexor Deep digital flexor These muscle have the following features in common: -Flexor action on the carpus joint -Caudal position on forearm -Origin from medial epicondyle of humerus -Supplied by the same nerve
55
Clinical Consideration of the radius
Fractures of the radius are among the most common in the dog Surgical exposure of the the radial diaphysis (shaft) is by retracting the Extensor carpi radialis laterally.
56
Surgical Approach to declawing
Dorsal Elastic Ligament: (Onychectomy) = removal of the 3rd ‘distal’ phalanx
57
Intrinsic Muscles acting on Shoulder Joint
Groups: Lateral those on the lateral surface of the shoulder Medial Caudal

Anatomy (8 decks)

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