Anatomy Exam 1 Practice Quiz: Osteology, Syndesmology, Myology, Thoracic and Pelvic Limb Flashcards
1
Q
Define Osteology
A
The study of structure, bones
2
Q
5 Functions of the Skeleton
A
Support
Protection
Locomotion
Mineral homeostasis ( Ca+ phosphorus)
Heamopoiesis
3
Q
What condition are German Shepherds prone to?
A
Hip dysplasia
4
Q
Define axial, appendicular, and splanchnic bones and give examples of each.
A
Axial- Head, Vertebral Column, Sternum, Ribs and Hyoid apparatus
Appendicular-Limbs
Splanchnic - os penis, ossa cordis
5
Q
(True or False, if false explain why) The hyoid apparatus is a splanchnic bone.
A
False, Its an axial bone
6
Q
What does chondral mean or give origin of the word chondro
A
Chondral means relating to cartilage
Chondro= cartilage
7
Q
Name examples of long, short, irregular, sesamoid, flat bones.
A
Long–> femur, humerus
Short–> carpals, tarsals
Irregular–> vertebrae
Sesamoid—> patella
Flat bones–> pelvic, scapula, skull
8
Q
Sesamoid bones are formed where?
A
Grow (ossification) in tendons for extra strength at stress points.
9
Q
Give an example of endochondral.
A
Femur: the growth plate
10
Q
Define intramembranous and give an example.
A
Differentiated directly into fibrous connective tissue
11
Q
What is the name of the area that houses the growth plate?
A
Metaphysis
12
Q
What happens if there is a fracture on the growth plate?
A
It result in shorter or crooked growth of the long bone
Prevents the growth of new bone
13
Q
What are 2 things the sesamoid bones do in regards to the tendons and muscles associated with?
A
Change tendons insertion direction away from the moving bones edges
Increase leverage exerted by muscles
14
Q
What parts of the scapula are easily palpable?
A
Acromion
Hamate and Suprahamte (cat)
15
Q
What part of the scapula requires deep palpation?
A
Spine of the acromion, borders ( caudal, cranial, dorsal), supraglenoid tubercle
16
Q
Name the regions of the thoracic limb from most proximal to distal (or vice versa).
A
Pectoral Girdle: Scapula, clavicle,
Brachium: Humerus
Antebrachium: ulna and radius
17
Q
What is the point of the elbow called and give it’s clinical significance.
A
Olecranon
Clin sig: AT the 5th intercostal for heart auscultations
18
Q
The forelimb is attached to the body via a group of muscles known as? COME BACK
A
Thoracic limb muscles
19
Q
Name the 3 different parts of the phalanges.
A
proximal 1 proximal 2 proximal 3
20
Q
How many metacarpals are there? Number them from most medial to most lateral.
A
I II III IV V
21
Q
What are the 2 rows of bones in the carpus called? Differentiate them, and also properly name the proximal row from most medial to lateral.
A
Proximal Row: has three bones
Intermedioradial, and Accessory, Ulnar
Distal Row: from medial to lateral I-IV
22
Q
What are the 2 regions on the medial side of the scapula?
A
Serrated face
Subscapular fossa
23
Q
What region/part of the scapula receives the head of the humerus?
A
Glenoid Cavity
24
Q
What is the origin of the biceps brachii?
A
The supraglenoid tubercle
25
If looking at a radiograph what could the clavicle be misinterpreted as?
As a chip fracture
26
In cats the clavicle is what? (compared to the dog)
its an actual bone that is bigger
27
What is the main different in the feline scapula versus the canine?
contains two processes : a hamate and suprahamte
28
What is the distally directed process in the cat’s acromion?
The Hamate
Whereas the suprahamate is caudally directed
29
What is the clinical importance of the greater tubercle?
To help find the shoulder joint
30
What tendon is close to the greater tubercle?
The tendon of the infraspinatus
31
What bone does the humerus articulate with to form the shoulder joint?
Scapula
32
What 2 bones does the humerus articulate with to form the elbow joint?
Radius and Ulna
33
Where is the intertubercular groove located?
Between the head of the humerus and greater tubercle
34
What structure receives the anconeal process of the ulna?
The Olecranon fossa
35
In the distal extremities the trochlea is on the ______ side
Medial
36
Above trochlea is the supratrochlear foramen. Does anything run through it in the canine?
No
37
What view can we see the olecranon fossa?
Caudal View
38
What important structures pass through the supracondylar foramen? (In Cat)
Median nerve and brachial artery
39
What side is the supracondylar foramen located on the feline´s humerus?
medial
40
In the proximal part of the forearm where is the ulna in regards to the radius (will help you determine if it’s a right or left antebrachium).
In the upper part (Proximal) of the forearm, the ulna located caudo-medial to the radius
41
IN the distal part of the forearm where is the ulna in regards to the radius?
In the lower part (distal), the ulna located laterally
42
What part of the radius articulates with the ulna proximally?
Articulates with ulna proximally by its caudal surface
43
What part of the radius articulates with the ulna distally?
Articulates with ulna distally by its lateral surface border
44
Name the 2 distal extremities of the radius? (which one is on the medial side? Which one is on the lateral side?)
Trochlea
1. Ulnar notch is lateral
2. styloid process is medial
45
Name the region of the ulna that articulates with the humerus.
By the trochlear notch
46
Name the part of the ulna that articulates with the radius (distally)
Radial Notch
47
What CARPAL bones does the ulna articulate with?
Accessory carpal bones
48
What landmark is used for auscultation? What ICS is it near or associated with?
Olecranon
5th intercostal
49
The front aspect of Manus is called what?
Dorsal
50
The caudal aspect of the manus is called what?
Palmar
51
What is the total number of carpal bones?
7
52
What is the common name for digit 1?
dewclaw
53
Name the parts of the phalanges, what are the joints called in between these phalanges?
Proximal, middle, distal
interphalangeal joints --> saddle synovial joints
54
Describe the difference in the structure of the phalanges of digit 1 vs the phalanges of digits 2-5.
The first digit has only two phalanges, proximal & distal
55
Name some clinical considerations that can affect the forelimb (5 types).
Fractures
Osteosarcoma (tumor)
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
Degenerative Joint Disease
Panosteitis
56
What is panosteitis?
Idiopathic inflammatory disease primarily affecting young dogs of large breeds
Characterized by inflammation , endosteal & periosteal new bone formation, especially those of the legs.
Lameness of one or more legs is often apparent
Considered a self-limiting disease
57
What does DJD stand for?
Degenerative Joint Disease
58
What does HOD stand for?
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
59
What is the most common malignant tumor in dogs (all ages and breeds are affected)?
Osteosarcoma
60
Describe this malignant tumor growth pattern (where does it start?)
Starts deep within the bone & grow outward (bone destroyed)
61
What are some signs that patients may have this malignant tumor?
Lameness
Pathologic fractures
62
Where do you commonly or frequently find osteosarcomas?
Long Bones
63
What does hypertrophic mean?
Means increase in size
64
What age and breed demographic is most commonly affected by HOD?
Bone disease affects young, rapidly growing large breeds
65
Why is it unusual for a fracture in the shoulder region?
Because of the surrounding muscles that protect it. (synsarcosis)
66
If the distal antebrachium is fractured or broken what bones would more than likely be damaged?
Fractures at the distal part usually involves both bones
67
Name the 2 clinical considerations in the manus.
Fractures
Osteosarcoma
68
What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
Os coxae
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
69
What is the anatomical term for the hip bone and which bones fuse to form it?
os coxae
- Formed by the fusion of
Illium
Ischium
Pubis
Consists of two hip bones fused together, united mid-ventrally at the symphysis pelvis, and joined the sacrum dorsally
70
What is the pelvic symphysis?
Where the two hip bones fuse together
71
What are the palpable structures of the hip bone?
Tuber Coxae
Tuber ischii ( hip extensors)
Tuber sacrale
Greater trochanter
Iliac crest
72
Which structures are used to measure for hip dysplasia?
Tuber Ischii
Tuber Sacral
Greater Trochanter
73
What is the clinical significance for the iliac crest?
Is a site for bone marrow biopsy
74
The head of the femur articulates with what part of the hip bone?
acetabulum
75
What part of the bone does the tibial tuberosity reside? (caudal or cranial?)
Cranial
76
Name a clinical significance of the tibia and fibula.
Fractures of tibia & fibula
Tibial tuberosity fracture
(Affects quadriceps , stifle extensors)
Tibia & fibula fractures are very common
easily diagnosed with x-rays and always require surgical intervention.
77
What TARSAL bones does the tibia articulate with?
Talus
78
Name the tarsal bones from proximal to distal, medial to lateral at each level.
Proximal row
(calcaneus & talus)
Middle row
central tarsal
Distal row (1st, 2nd,3rd)
the 4th tarsal articulates directly to the calcaneus
79
List the metatarsal bone numbers from medial to lateral.
2,3,4,5
80
Name a clinical significance for the calcaneus and what dog breed is most affected by it?
Tarsal bone fractures
Fractures of the calcaneus (heel bone) are common in racing greyhounds but are infrequent among other breeds
81
What do articulated bones do together?
Allow movement
Unite bones firmly
82
Name the 3 types of conventional joints?
Synovial Joints
Cartilaginous joints
Fibrous joints
83
Name an unconventional joint.
Synsarcosis
- articulation through muscles
84
Is there any joint space in fibrous joints?
No joint space
85
In a fibrous joint what type of connective tissue unites the bones?
Dense fibrous connective tissue
86
Name the 3 categories of fibrous joints? Which one is associated with the tooth bony socket? Which one is found in the skull? Which one is in the distal articulation between the radius & ulna?
Gomphosis
- tooth articulates with the bony socket
Sutures
- skull
Syndesmoses
- is the distal articulation between the radius and ulna
87
What is another name for the bony tooth sockets (alveolar)? What is another name for the cartilaginous joint?
Gomphosis
Synchondroses
88
Is there any joint space in cartilaginous joint?
No
89
Name a few examples of bones united through cartilage? Is there movement in cartilaginous joints?
Diaphysis and epiphysis of long bones
Pelvic symphysis
bodies of vertebrae
90
Will see cartilaginous joints in the diaphysis & epiphysis in what development of life?
Juvenile
91
What is the function of the atlantoaxial joint?
Pivots the neck
- allows rotation of the head
92
Describe a synovial joint and name some examples.
A fluid filled cavity intervene between bones
93
What type of movement are synovial joints made for?
gliding, angular, rotational, or special movement
94
What is another name or the spheroidal synovial joint?
Ball and socket
95
Give an example of a hinge joint.
Elbow
96
Give an example of an ellipsoidal joint.
Radiocarpal
97
Give an example of a spheroidal joint.
hip
shoulder
98
Give an example of a saddle joint.
interphalangeal
99
Give an example of a condylar joint.
Femorotibial
100
Give an example of a pivot joint.
Atlantoaxial
101
What vertebral joint is a synovial joint?
Atlantoaxial
Atals + axial
102
Name the 4 components of the Joint capsule.
Articular cartilage
Synovial membrane
Fibrous capsule
Ligaments (fibrous)
103
Name the 2 components of the Joint cavity.
Articular cartilage
Synovial membrane
104
What does the synovial membrane produce?
Synovial fluid
105
When you perform an arthrocentesis, you are entering the _______?
Joint cavity
106
What links the glenoid cavity of the scapula to the humerus head?
Spheroidal joint ( shoulder Joint)
107
What movements are allowed in the shoulder joint?
Great Range of movements; rotation, abduction, adduction and circumduction movements are allowed
108
What actions would you not see in the Shoulder joint in the animal patient?
Dislocation
Shoulder joint is surrounded & protected by muscles, where tendons act as collateral ligaments & add support to the joint
109
If you have a problem with the biceps brachii more than likely you have a problem in what joint capsule?
Shoulder joint capsule
110
What is bicipital tenosynovitis?
- Inflammation of biceps tendon & the surrounding synovial sheath
- Joint capsule envelops the
tendon of the biceps brachii
- Large breeds problem
- Excessive stress
111
What is OCD?
Osteochondrosis Dissecans
Developmental disorder(abnormal endochondral ossification)
- Erosion of the articular cartilage of head of humerus
- A piece of cartilage becomes partially or fully detached from the surface of the bone.
- Affects young, fast growing large-breed
112
Describe dislocation, luxation, subluxation.
Pop out of socket
113
Why is a dislocated shoulder joint rare?
Shoulder joint is surrounded & protected by muscles, where tendons act as collateral ligaments & add support to the joint
114
If you have faulty defect in articular cartilage what will happen?
arthritis
115
If you look at a radiograph of a patient with bicipital tenosynovitis? Will it be radiolucent or radiopaque?
Radiopaque
116
OCD occurs when erosion of _______ cartilage of the head of humerus.
Articular
117
What joints can OCD affect?
stifle joints
shoulder joint
118
What type of disorder is OCD?
Developmental disorder
119
The elbow joint is a composite joint, what does that mean?
Two joints within the same capsule
(A) hinge joint
between the humerus and the radius &ulna
(B) pivot joint
Between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna
120
When the elbow is extended fully what structure is used for arthrocentesis of the elbow joint.
Enter the needle between the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and olecranon cranio-medially
121
What is FMCP?
Fragmented medial coronoid process of the Ulna
Developmental defect
- Affect young dogs of large breeds
- Failure of MCP to attach to the ulna
- Leads to arthritis
122
What is UAP?
Ununited Anconeal Process
- Developmental defect
-The anconeal process fails to ossify, it becomes detached & irritate the joint cavity
- Affects larger breeds
123
The carpal joint is a _____ joint.
ellipsoidal
124
Name the joints of the carpal region (there are 3).
Antebrachiocarpal
Midcarpal
Carpometacarpal
125
Which carpal joint has the greater range of motion?
126
How would you perform joint injections at the carpal joint?
1 injection at the antebrachiocarpal
Midcarpal and Carpometacarpal together need 1 injection
127
What two ligaments are crucial to keeping the head of the femur bone in the acetabulum of the os coxae?
Transverse acetabular ligament & ligament of the head of the femur
128
The first joint in the pelvic limb is the __________.
Sacroilliac
129
The transverse acetabular ligament completes what?
the acetabulum is shallow and is not full so the transverse acetabular ligament completes the rim of the acetabulum
130
Name the 2 main causes of hip dysplasia.
Shallow acetabulum &/or flattened femoral head
131
How can you tell the difference between hip dysplasia and hip dislocation in radiographs?
The head of the femur pops out of the acetabulum in graphs of hip dislocation
in hip dysplasia the graphs show either a flatten femoral head and or shallow acetabulum
132
Name the 3 articulations in the stifle joint capsule (all articulations will communicate in the stifle joint meaning if you needed to give an injection what would you do?)
femorotibial
femoropatellar
Proximal tibiofibular
133
Menisci act as shock absorption for the joint during locomotion of what joint?
Stifle
134
What are some injuries acquired at the stifle joint?
Cranial / caudal cruciate ligament injuries
Patellar luxation
Stifle dislocation
135
What do the cruciate ligaments do?
Cruciate ligaments prevent the tibia from sliding forward and remain firmly with the femur
136
How can you tell if the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments are ruptured?
The Cranial Drawer sign
If the tibia is able to slide forward
this also causes the menisci damage
137
What part of the patellar is usually dislocated in small breeds?
Usually dislocated medially
138
What part of the patellar is usually dislocated in large breeds?
Laterally
139
What causes a bow-legged animal?
Medial patella Luxation
140
4 levels of articulation in the tarsal joint (or hock joint) name them all?
crurotarsal (hing)
proximal Intertarsal
distal intertarsal
tarsometatarsal
Medial & lateral collateral ligament
141
(True or False, if false provide justification) Muscle is composed of just skeletal muscle tissue and connective tissue.
False, There are three types of muscles which are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
the muscles
Muscle is a specialized connective tissue
Technically each one is an organ - it is composed of skeletal muscle tissue, c.t, and nervous tissue.
142
What is tonus?
State of muscle contraction (for movement of blood and lymph)
143
What are the overall functions of muscle?
locomotion
movement of parts of body
control body opening and passages
generate heat by shivering
144
What is homeostasis?
maintaining proper body function in the correct environment
145
What are the three types of muscle? Give examples of each.
Cardiac: heart
Skeletal: infraspinatus
Smooth: intestinal muscle
- Smooth attached to skeleton: rectoccoygeus m.
- smooth not attached to skeleton: pharynx
146
How would you differentiate between skeletal and smooth muscle?
skeletal: voluntary and striated
smooth: involuntary and not striated
147
What percentage of the body is skeletal muscle?
50%
148
What are the four types of connective tissue structures?
Myofiber = muscle cell
Endomysium = loose CT surround muscle fiber
Fascicle = bundle of muscle fibers
Periosteum = loose CT defining muscle fascicles
Epimysium = surround entire muscle
149
What is periosteum?
loose connective tissue that defines muscle fascicles
150
What is aponeurosis?
wide, broad flat tendon sheath - like union
151
What is the difference between a ligament and tendon?
ligaments: attach bone to bone
tendons: attach muscle to bone
152
What type of connective tissue is a tendon?
dense regular connective tissue
153
What is the collagenous fibrous connective tissue that holds the body together? (Found directly underneath the skin)
Fascia
154
Explain the differences between a lipoma and an infiltrate lipoma.
Lipoma: abnormal aggregate of normal fat cells that are encapsulated
Infiltrate lipoma: unencapsulated fatty tumor (Bad)
155
What is a fascicle?
group of muscle fibers forming a bundle
156
Name the components of a muscle starting from the smallest unit (muscle fiber) to the largest (muscle). Include the names of the connective tissue covering each component.
Myofiber = muscle cell
Endomysium = loose CT surround muscle fiber
Fascicle = bundle of muscle fibers
Periosteum = loose CT defining muscle fascicles
Epimysium = loose CT surround entire muscle
157
What type of connective tissue (loose or dense) is the binding substance within muscle?
dense regular CT
158
What type of connective tissue is a tendon made of?
dense RCT
159
What is the importance of these connective tissue arrangements? (What is the function?)
ensure simultaneous contraction
160
Define agonist and give an example, including the joint it acts upon.
Prime movers, exert action on distal joint
Example: biceps brachii
161
What is the origin and insertion of the biceps brachii muscle?
Origin: supraglenoid tubercle
Insertion: tuberosities of ulna and radius
162
What side of the limb is the brachialis muscle located? (Lateral or medial?)
lateral
163
Define antagonist and give an example, including the joint it acts upon.
prevents excessive action of the prime mover
Example: triceps brachii
164
Define synergist and give an example, including the joint it acts upon.
assist the prime mover , stabilize action of other muscles
Example: brachialis = synergist to biceps brachii
165
Define fixator and give an example.
prevent bone from moving
Example: extrinsic muscles, all synsarcosis muscles
166
What are extrinsic muscles? Name some.
at least one origin is external to the axial skeleton
ex: trapezius, latissimus dorsi, omotransversarius
167
What are intrinsic muscles? Name some.
both attachments are internal to limb muscles
Ex: infraspinatus, deltoideus, subscapularis
168
What are the different ways that muscles are named? Give an example for each.
Attachment: Cleidobrachialis = *clavicle
Shape: teres minor = rounded
Size: teres major = large
Function: supinator
Location / Position: deep digital flexor
Number of heads: biceps brachii
Number of bellies: digastricus
169
What is the function of the digastric muscle?
Opens jaw of dog
170
(True or False, if false provide justification). Tendons have high metabolic activity.
False. Tendons are avascular
171
Give an example of a sesamoid bone and the tendon/ligament it protects.
Patella protects the quadriceps tendon
172
Define bursa and give an example, including the tendon and joint it is associated with.
a fluid filled sac over danger sites
a fluid filled sac that covers stressed points
Example? subtendinous bursa : tendon of the infraspinatus , shoulder joint
173
What is the clinical significance of a bursa?
protect danger sites
174
Define tendon sheath.
fluid filled cylinders surrounding tendons over stress points
175
Define retinaculum. What does it prevent?
condensed deep fascia over carpus or tarsus
Prevent webbing
176
What are annular ligaments?
condensed deep fascia over ligaments
177
Name all the joints of the forelimb.
synsarcosis
shoulder joint
elbow joint
carpus joint
fetlock joint
digital joint
178
Name all the joints of the pelvic limb.
sacroiliac joint
hip joint
tarsal joint
stifle joint
tarsal joint
fetlock joint
digital joint
179
What is another name for paw?
manus
180
What are the palpable structures on the forelimb?
Acromion
Supraglenoid tubercle
spine of scapula
tendon of origin of biceps
deltoid tuberoisty
greater tubercle
Superficial cervical lymph node
auxillary lymph node
Olecranon
181
To palpate the axillary lymph node, would you retract or protract the limb?
Protract the limb
182
How many mammae are in the canine? What are the three sections and how many pairs of mammae are per section? How many mammae are in the cat & how many sections/pairs?
Canine:
- 8-12 mammae
- Thoracic section: 2 p
- Abdominal: 2 p
- Inguinal: 1 pair
Feline:
8 mammae
183
A puppy that only nurses on the cranial mammae would be larger or smaller than a puppy that only nurses on the caudal mammae?
Puppy would be smaller. Most secretion is in the caudal 6 mammae
184
Name a clinical significance of the mammae.
nurse young ,
mammary masses
Mamma neoplasia
185
What is a lumpectomy?
removal of part of a mass or lump
186
What is a simple mastectomy?
Removal on one mamae gland
187
What is a regional mastectomy?
Removal of one mammae and surrounding ones
188
What are the sites for venipuncture?
Cephalic Vein
lateral saphenous vein
External Jugular vein
Femoral vein
189
Why don’t you draw blood from arteries?
Animal will bleed out, blood is flowing away from heart = high blood pressure
190
What is another term for dewclaw?
Pollex
191
(True or False, if false provide justification) To protect the sore limb, animals quickly shift their weight to the “good” limb.
true
192
What is the pectoral girdle? What muscles are involved?
Pectoral Girdle: scapula and the clavicle bones
Muscles: Infraspinatus, Supraspinatus, Subscapularis, Deltoideus, Rhomboideus and Trapezius
193
(True or False, if false provide justification) The pelvic limb carries more weight.
False. 60-70% of the body weight is supported by the thoracic limb
194
If the serratus ventralis muscle is severed, what will happen to the limb?
Abnormal elevation of the limb, opposite of scapula depression
195
What is the origin and insertion of the deep pectoral muscle?
Origin: caudal part of scapula
Insertion: proximal part of humerus - lesser tubercle
196
What is the origin and insertion of serratus ventralis muscle?
Origin: last 5 cervical vertebrae
Insertion: serrated face of scapula
197
What is the median raphe?
the longitudinal fibrous septum between the R and L epaxial muscles , attachment of most cervical muscles
198
What are the two parts of trapezius muscle?
Cervical Part of the trapezius m. & Thoracic part of the trapezius m.
199
What is the function of extrinsic muscles?
These are the girdle muscles and they join the forelimb to the trunk
200
Describe the action of all the joints (flexed or extended) when the thoracic limb is protracted and when it is retracted.
All limbs protracted: joints extended
All limbs retracted: joints flexed
201
What is the origin and insertion of the omotransversarius muscle? What is its clinical significance?
Origin: distal spine of scapula
Insertion: wing of atlas
Clinical Sig: Superficial cervical lymph node is medial
202
Name the insertion of the latissimus dorsi muscle and it’s function.
main muscle for digging and flex the shoulder joint
insertion: teres tuberosity of the humerus
203
What muscles flex the shoulder joint? Extend?
Flex shoulder joint: infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, deep pectoral (when not weight bearing),
teres minor, deltoideus, triceps brachii (long head)
Extend shoulder joint: Supraspinatus, biceps brachii
204
Name a clinical significance of the infraspinatus muscle.
subtendinous bursa - underneath the infraspinatus muscle
205
Is the coracobrachialis muscle located on the lateral or medial side of the arm?
On the Medial side
206
Describe how you would perform arthrocentesis of the shoulder joint. Include the muscle involved and what structures you would palpate to locate the joint capsule.
palpate greater tubercle of the humerus
Muscle involved: acromion part of deltoideus
Perform: insert needle these two landmarks
207
What is the intertubercular bursa?
Bursa in between the great tubercle and lesser tubercle
208
What is the name of the retinaculum that covers the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle?
transverse humeral retinaculum
209
Why is luxation of the shoulder joint rare?
The shoulder joint is held in place by synsarcosis
210
What is OCD?
Osteochondritis Dissecans: Erosion of the articular cartilage & it chips and ossifies that causes
inflammation in younge and fast growing breeds
211
What tool does a surgeon use to repair fractures in the shaft of the humerus?
intramedullary pin
212
Why can there be serious repercussions if a cat fractures its humerus?
Have a suprachondral foramen which the brachial artery and medial nerve run through
213
What muscles flex the elbow joint? Extend?
Extend: triceps
Flex: the brachioradialis, the brachialis, and the biceps.
214
What are the names of the bursas that protect the elbow joint?
Olecranon bursa - subcutaneous bursa
215
Where is anconeus muscle located and what is its function?
lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus
extend elbow joint
216
Describe how you would perform arthrocentesis of the elbow joint?
Enter the needle between the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and olecranon cranio-medially
217
What is DJD?
Degenerative Joint Disease: general swelling of the elbow joint
218
What is panosteitis? Which breeds are more likely to get it?
inflammation of the medullary lining of the bone/ young large breeds
219
List the extensor muscles that act on the carpal and digital joints.
Extensor carpi radialis
Common digital Extensor
Lateral digital extensor
Ulnaris lateralis
220
List the flexor muscles that act on the carpal and digital joints.
Flexor carpi Ulnaris
Superficial digital flexor
flexor carpi radialis
deep digital flexor
Pronator teres
221
(True or False, if false explain why) The flexor muscles are found in the caudal position on the forearm.
true
222
Which muscle is retracted in surgery to expose the radial diaphysis and which direction (medial or lateral) is it reflected?
extensor carpis radialis laterally
223
What is an onychectomy?
De-clawing (usually in cats)
224
List all the structures involved in an onychectomy (removing the distal phalanx of each digit) of a cat.
Common digital extensor tendon
Lateral digital extensor tendon
Deep digital flexor tendon
Dorsal elastic ligament
Medial and lateral collateral ligament
225
Where on the hip bone would you perform bone marrow biopsy?
Iliac Crest
226
List all of the palpable structures of the hindlimb, including structures on the hip bone.
Tuber sacrale
ischiatic tuberosity
greater trochanter
tuber coxae
calcaneus
227
Name all of the joints of the pelvic limb.
hip joint
stifle
tarsus
sacroiliac
228
What muscle is the major flexor of the hip?
Tensor fascia latae muscle
Rectus femoris muscle
Sartorius muscle
229
Which muscles extend the hip joint?
Quadratus femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Gracilis
Superficial gluteal
Middle gluteal
gluteal femoral
230
What is the tuber coxae?
palpable structure of the iliac crest
231
What is the synergist to iliopsoas?
tensor fascia lata muscle - also flexes hip
because iliopsoas is the major flexor of the hip
232
Where does the Gracilis muscle originate from and what is its function?
Insert: Pelvic symphysis
Function: extends the hip
233
Where does the Pectineus muscle originate from and what is its function?
Adducts limb, part of femoral triangle
234
What is pectineal tenotomy and what clinical condition is it performed for?
condition: hip dysplasia
Procedure used to relieve pain when pectineus is cut
235
Which muscles adduct the hindlimb?
Adductor, Pectineus, Gracilis
236
What are the names of the bellies of quadriceps femoris muscle?
Vastus lateralis, vastus intermedialis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris
237
What are the borders of the femoral triangle?
Cranial: caudal part of sartorius
(cranial) Caudal: Pectineus
Dorsal: Iliopsoas
238
What is the vascular lacuna?
vessels of femoral triangle - femoral v. femoral a. femoral n.
239
Which vein is in the femoral triangle? What is its clinical significance?
femoral vein
Clin sig: draw blood but only under anesthesia
240
What is the name of the hip joint cavity?
acetabulum
241
What muscles are included in the “hamstring” group? What is their function?
Extends the hip joint, stifle, tarsal
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Gracilis
242
Why is it contraindicated to give an IM injection on the lateral thigh? Where is it recommended to be given?
Sciatic nerve present
Recommended hamstrings
243
What muscles are included in the common calcanean tendon in dogs? In cats?
Biceps femoris,
Semitendinosus,
Gastrocnemius,
Gracilis, &
SDF (superficial digital flexor)
for cats+ Soleus muscle
244
What lymph node is located in the caudal thigh?
popliteal lymph node
245
Explain the reciprocal mechanism of the stifle and tarsal joints?
Overall: stifle and tarsal joints move in unison
peroneus tertius moves in unison with the superficial digital flexor
246
What type of joint is the hip joint?
ball and socket : spheroidal joint
247
Which ligament attaches the head of femur to fovea capitis?
intracapsular ligament
248
What is the transverse acetabular ligament? What is its clinical significance?
if shallow or flat, have hip problems--> hip dysplasia
Surgical approach*:
Craniolateral direction - between Tensor fascia & biceps femoris;
Exposes proximal Vastus lateralis - Articularis coxae,
Enter joint cavity
Endangered structures:
Sciatic n. & caudal gluteal vessels.(normally caudal from incision)
249
How would you tell if a dog has hip dysplasia?
palpate tuber sacrale, tuber ischii, and greater trochanter
Radiographs: shallow acetabulum and flat femoral head
250
List all of the structures incised and reflected for the surgical approach to the articularis coxae? (Hint: start with the skin)
Surgical approach*:
Craniolateral direction - between Tensor fascia & biceps femoris;
Exposes proximal Vastus lateralis - Articularis coxae,
Enter joint cavity
Endangered structures:
Sciatic n. & caudal gluteal vessels.(normally caudal from incision)
251
What vessels do you need to watch out for in performing the surgery mentioned above? (Hip dysplasia)
sciatic n. & caudal gluteal vessels
252
What is the clinical significance of the quadriceps femoris muscle?
weight bearing muscle, if not, stifle will collapse
Site for I/M injection
253
What structures are incised and reflected (and in what direction) to expose the femoral diaphysis in surgery? (Hint: start at the skin)
Skin > cranially - vastus lateralis > caudally - biceps femoris
254
Which muscles flex only the tarsus?
cranial tibial, long digital extensor, fibularis longus
255
Which muscles flex the tarsus and extend the digits?
Superficial digital flexor
Deep digital flexor
256
Which muscles extend the tarsus and flex the digits?
Long digital extensor
257
What are the venipuncture sites in order?
Cephalic V
Jugular v
Saphenous
Femoral v ( in the femoral triangle is the only place the artery is over the vein )
258
(True or False, if false explain why) The stifle joint is flexed in the normal standing posture at 140 degrees.
true
259
How many joint injections for the stifle joint?
1
260
What is “cranial drawer” sign?
moves forward
261
What is “caudal drawer” sign?
moves back
262
How would you perform the cranial drawer test?
stabilize femur and tibia and move cranial or caudally
