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Anatomy > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Skeleton

A

Support (posture/gait)
Locomotion (lever)
Protection
Mineral homeostasis (ca+,phosphorus)
Heamopoiesis

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2
Q

Classification of Bones

A

1/ Topography/Location
2/ Development
3/ Shape

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3
Q

Topographical

A

a) Axial:
Head, Vertebral Column, Sternum, Ribs and Hyoid apparatus
b) Appendicular:
limbs bones
c) Splanchnic bones
(Os penis (dog) , Ossa cordis ( cattle)

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4
Q

Developmental

A

a) Endochondral
b) Intramembranous

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5
Q

Endochondral

A

Bones that start as cartilage & replaced later by bone (Limbs/ Vertebrae)

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6
Q

Intramembranous

A

Bones that differentiated directly into fibrous connective tissue (skull/ face)

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6
Q

shape : Individual bones, classified according to shape into

A

long bones (humerus, femur)
Short bones (carpal, tarsal)
Flat bones (scapula, skull, pelvic)
Irregular bones (vertebrae)
Sesamoid bones (patella)

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7
Q

Sesamoid bones significance

A

Are used to create a barrier for the tendons to be away from high moving joints

Developed within tendons of insertion
a) Change tendons insertion direction away from the moving bones edges

b) Increase leverage exerted by muscles

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8
Q

Components of the long bone

A

Cylindrical has 3 Centers of Ossification (Growth Plate)

One for the shaft (Diaphysis)

Two Epiphysis (one for each extremity)

Metaphysis:The portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. It contains the growth plate

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9
Q

Thoracic limb components

A
  1. Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder):
    - Scapula
    - Clavicle
  2. Brachium:
    - Humerus
  3. Antebrachium:
    - Radius
    - Ulna
  4. Forepaw (manus)
    - Carpus
    - Metacarpus
    - Phalanges
    ( proximal, middle, distal= a digit)
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10
Q

Significance of clavicle in dogs

A

The clavicle in dogs are reduced compared to humans

Small oval plate, cranial to the shoulder within the clavicular tendon

-tiny cartilaginous plate within the brachiocephalic tendon

Be careful not to mistaken it as a fracture (chip fracture) because it is the clavicle

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11
Q

Scapula

A

Flat bone consist of
Two surfaces(lateral & medial),
Three borders(dorsal, cranial & caudal)
Spine , acromion, supraspinous fossa & infraspinous fossa
palpable structures:
- borders
- spine
- acromion
- supraglenoid tubercle

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12
Q

The muscles on the medial side of the scapula

A

Serrated face
(Serratus ventralis M)
Subscapular fossa
(Subscapularis M)

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13
Q

The Glenoid Cavity

A

Shallow cavity that receives the head of the humerus (shoulder joint)

Note the Supraglenoid tubercle, coracoid process and infraglenoid tubercle

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14
Q

The Feline Scapula

A

Acromion is broadened by a flat, caudally directed “Suprahamate” process & distally directed ‘hamate’ process

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15
Q

Important landmarks of the shoulder

A

The acromion and greater tubercle and head of humerus are important to access/find the shoulder joint to insert fluids/medications etc

16
Q

Palpables Structures of the shoulder

A

Easily Recognizable
1. Acromion, hammate & superhammate
2. Great Tubercle
Deep Palpation:
3. Scapular spine

17
Q

The Brachium

A

Brachium: Humerus
The long bone that forms the arm
Articulates with the scapula to form the shoulder joint, and with the radius & ulna to form the elbow joint
The proximal extremity, the body and the distal extremity

18
Q

The Proximal extremity of the brachium

A

The proximal extremity consists of the head, neck, greater and lesser tubercles and the intertubercular groove

19
Q

The distal extremity of the Brachium consists of

A

The distal extremity (Condyle)
Medial Trochlea (ulna)
lateral Capitulum (radius)

Olecranon fossa (receives the anconeal process of the ulna) / Supratrochlear Foramen (dog)

Epicondyls (lateral & medial)

20
Q

Supracondylar foramen (Cats)

A

Where the median nerve & brachial artery pass through

Important to be mindful when doing surgery

21
Q

Antebrachium

A

Radius & Ulna
In the upper part of the forearm, the ulna located caudo-medial to the radius
In the lower part, the ulna located laterally

22
Q

Radius

A

Articulates proximally with the humerus and distally with the carpus

Articulates with ulna proximally by its caudal surface, and distally by its lateral border

The proximal extremity consists of head (with fovea capitis & radial tuberosity)

23
Q

The distal extremity of the Radius consist of

A

The distal extremity
Trochlea
1. Ulnar notch (laterally)
2. Styloid process (medially)

24
Q

Ulna

A

Olecranon (point of elbow)
AT the 5th intercostal
Olecranon tuber
Anconeal process
Trochlear notch
coronoid process
Distal extremity (the head with styloid process)

25
Q

Manus (forepaw)

A

Consists of :
Two rows of Carpal Bones
One raw of Metacarpal Bones
Three rows of Phalanges (Phalanx)

26
Q

Metacarpal bones

A

Contains 5 bones numbered (I-V),from medial to lateral
The first forms the dewclaw

27
Q

The Phalanges

A

Arranged in 3 rows proximal, middle and distal for each of the four main metacarpals
Note: The first digit has only two phalanges, proximal & distal

28
Q

Clinical Consideration:
Conditions affecting the forelimb

A
  1. Fractures
    2. Tumors (Osteosarcoma)
    3. Panosteitis
    4. DJD ( Degenerative Joint Diseases)
    5. Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)
29
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Most common malignant tumor in dogs
all ages & all breeds are affected (large breeds)
Starts deep within the bone & grow outward (bone destroyed)
lameness
Pathologic fractures

30
Q

Panosteitis

A

Idiopathic inflammatory disease primarily affecting young dogs of large breeds
Characterized by inflammation , endosteal & periosteal new bone formation, especially those of the legs.
Lameness of one or more legs is often apparent
Considered a self-limiting disease

31
Q

Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)

A

Bone disease affects young, rapidly growing large breeds
Names (Skeletal Scurvy, Moller-Barlow’s disease, Osteodystrophy II)
The disease produces severe lameness and pain and usually affects multiple limbs

32
Q

Clinical Consideration:
Shoulder

A

Fractured shoulder (unusual)
Osteosarcoma

33
Q

CLINICAL CONSIDERATION
: Humerus

A

Humerus
1/ Fracture:
- Condylar
- Diaphysis
On the distal third
radial nerve damage/Median & musculocutaneous N (Approach)
2/ Osteosarcoma

34
Q

Clinical Consideration:
Forearm

A

Fractures
- fractures at the distal part usually involves both bones
Osteosarcoma
Panosteitis, HOD

35
Q

Clinical Consideration:
Manus

A

Manus
Fractures
Tumors:
Osteosarcoma

Anatomy (8 decks)

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