Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Orthopaedic Conditions > Thoracic conditions > Flashcards

Thoracic conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Thoracic outlet syndrome

A

Group of disorders that occur when blood vessels or nerves in the space between your clavicle and first rib are compressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Epidemiology of thoracic outlet syndrome

A

Vascular TOS- develop secondary to repetitive upper limb activities that lead to claudication (pain in legs/arms when walking/using)
Same condition can develop spontaneously, unrelated to trauma
Neurogenic TOS commonly develops following micro trauma to neck or shoulder girdle areas (e.g., car accident, work related repetitive stressful activities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Age groups affected by TOS

A

Most cases diagnosed between 20 and 50 years
Can occur in teenagers
Women 3x more likely to develop neurogenic TOS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Risk factors of TOS

A

Car accident
Repetitive injury job or sport-related injuries
Pregnancy
Anatomical defects (e.g., having extra rib)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Clinical presentation of TOS

A

Diagnosing TOS can be challenging because symptoms vary between patients
Vascular TOS easier to diagnose, venous has no objective test to confirm
Diagnosis of exclusion
Symptoms range from mild pain and sensory changes to limb –> life-threatening complications
Uni or bilateral
Record position of Pt head, shoulders, scapulae, and arms in seating and standing
Shoulder/neck pain
Upper arms- oedema (venous compromise), atrophy in hand, hand palpated for temp changes and moistness to detect sympathetically mediated symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prognosis for TOS

A

Treatable, resolution of around 90%
Exercises to strengthen and stretch shoulder muscle to open thoracic outlet, improve posture and ROM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Intercostal neuralgia

A

Characterised by neuropathic pain in distribution of affected intercostal nerves (along chest, ribs and abdomen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Epidemiology of intercostal neuralgia

A

Pregnancy
Compression of nerves
Inflammation in intercostal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Groups affected by intercostal neuralgia

A

Tends to affect women 1.5 times more than men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Clinical presentation of intercostal neuralgia

A

Manifest as sharp, aching, radiating, burning or stabbing pain
May be associated with numbness and tingling
Follows dermatomal patterning
Involuntary contraction of muscles
Colour changes of skin above affected area and loss of sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prognosis for intercostal neuralgia

A

Variable- some Pt achieve resolution of symptoms over time, while some develop chronic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tietze syndrome

A

Rare, inflammatory disorder characterised by chest pain and swelling of one or more upper rib (costochondral junction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Epidemiology go tietze syndrome

A

Exact cause unknown, suggested that multiple microtrauma to anterior chest way may develop into TS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Age groups affected by tietze syndrome

A

Older children or young adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tietze syndrome risk factors

A

Excessive coughing
Severe vomitting
Upper respiratory tract infections
Higher cases in winter/spring period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clinical presentation of tietze syndrome

A

Unilateral chest pain
Tenderness upon palpation and swelling of upper costochondral joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tietze syndrome prognosis

A

Usually goes away after treatment
Treatment- rest, avoidance of strenuous activity, application of heat to affected are, pain meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Precordial catch syndrome

A

Non-serious condition causing sharp stabbing pains in chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Precordial catch syndrome epidemiology

A

No specific cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Age groups affected by precordial catch syndrome

A

Children between 6 and 12
Males and females affected equally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Risk factors of precordial catch syndrome

A

Non-specific
Sudden onset may be caused by nerves getting pinched or irritated in inner lining of chest wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Clinical presentation of precordial catch syndrome

A

Sharp pain in left side of chest near heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Prognosis of precordial catch syndrome

A

Should outgrow by 20s
Painful episodes should become less frequent and less intense as time goes on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Herpes zoster

A

Aka shingles
Caused by varicella-zoster virus, same as chicken pox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Herpes zoster epidemiology

A

When a child has chicken pox, body fights varicella-zoster virus and physical signs of chicken pox fade away, but virus remains in body
In adulthood, the virus can become active again –> presented as shingles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Age groups affected by herpes zoster

A

Chances increase as you get older
Half of cases occur in 50+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Clinical presentation of shingles

A

Outbreak of a painful rash or blisters on the skin
Rash/blisters appear as a band on one area of body- aids diagnosis
Fever, chills, headache, fatigues, stomach upset, sensitivity to light

28
Q

Prognosis for herpes zoster

A

No cure, but vaccines
Antiviral medication to ease discomfort

29
Q

Costovertebral joint syndrome

A

Occurs when there is damage to the connective tissue that surrounds a joint

30
Q

Epidemiology for costovertebral joint syndrome

A

Exaggerated and repetitive movements involving Tsp
Rotation can overstretch the trunk and ribcage and surrounding costovertebral joints

31
Q

Clinical presentation of costovertebral joint syndrome

A

Dull ache in upper back
Made worse by deep breathing, coughing, and rotation movements of trunk

32
Q

Prognosis for costovertebral syndrome

A

Massage, joint mobilisation, home exercise program, dry needing
With assistance it should heal

33
Q

Post herpetic neuralgia

A

Usually described as pain in a dermatomal distribution which persists for three months or more following healing from shingles

34
Q

Epidemiology of post herpetic neuralgia

A

After effect of shingles

35
Q

Age groups affected by post herpetic neuralgia

A

Risk increases with age

36
Q

Risk factors of post herpetic neuralgia

A

Older than 50
Severity of shingles
Prince of chronic disease
Shingles location (face or torso)
Delayed treatment with singles antiviral treatment more than 72 hours after rash appeared

37
Q

Clinical presentation of post herpetic neuralgia

A

Constant or intermittent stabbing or burning pain
Intense itching
Intermittent or continuous nerve pain in an area of skin previously affected by shingles

38
Q

Prognosis for post herpetic neuralgia

A

Symptoms can resolve after a few months, may persist for longer
Intervention won’t completely resolve pain but could reduce it

39
Q

Acute pancreatitis

A

Lies in upper half of abdomen behind stomach infant of spine
Sudden inflammation of pancreas gland that begins in cells of pancreas that produces digestive enzymes
If enzymes become activated too early they cause damage to pancreas

40
Q

Epidemiology of acute pancreatitis

A

Gallstones
Drinking too much alcohol

41
Q

Risk factors for acute pancreatitis

A

Following trauma (bike or road)]
Side effects of medicine (e.g., azathioprine and steroids)
Genetics

42
Q

Clinical presentation of acute pancreatitis

A

Sudden onset abdominal, usually starting in upper abdomen
Can be accompanied by vomiting

43
Q

Prognosis of acute pancreatitis

A

No specific medicine that can stop inflammation
Treatment in hospital is vital

44
Q

Scoliosis

A

Apparent lateral curvature of the spine

45
Q

Epidemiology of scoliosis

A

Spine not forming properly in womb (congenital scoliosis)
Underlying nerve or muscle condition, such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy (neuromuscular scoliosis)

46
Q

Age groups affected by scoliosis

A

Develop in infancy or early childhood
Primary onset is 10-15 years old

47
Q

Risk factors of scoliosis

A

Family history

48
Q

Clinical presentation of scoliosis

A

Deformity usually presenting symptom
Spine deviated from midline, may become apparent when Pt bends forward
Pain is a rare complaint- should alert physician, neural tumour need for MRI?
Run fingers down SPs

49
Q

Prognosis of scoliosis

A

Aim is to prevent severe deformity
Management differs for different types
Operative treatment for severe cases
Milwaukee brace, reduces lumbar lordosis by stretching and strengthening thoracic spine

50
Q

Idiopathic scoliosis

A

Constitutes for about 80% of cases

51
Q

Epidemiology off idiopathic scoliosis

A

No cause

52
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Vertebral displacement
Normal laminae and facets constitute a locking mechanism which prevents each vertebra from moving forwards on the one below
Forward shift (listhesis) occurs when mechanism fails

53
Q

Age groups affected by spondylolisthesis

A

+50
Women x3

54
Q

Clinical presentation of spondylolisthesis

A

Usually occurs between L4/5
Intermittent backache, common symptom of lytic spondylolisthesis, may be initiated or exacerbated by exercise of strain
‘step’ can usually be felt when fingers run down spine
Normal ROM in younger Pt, limited in elderly

55
Q

Spondylolisthesis prognosis

A

COnserative treatment, similar to other types of back pain
Operative treatment available if symptoms are disabling or interfere with daily activities
Osteos can reduce symptoms and advice exercises to help prevent further problems

56
Q

Adult degenerative scoliosis

A

Complex problem created by combo of degeneration of discs, arthritis in facets and osteoporosis
Asymmetric force causes vertebra to unevenly settle upon themselves, rotate, and create spinal curve
Curvature creates increasing asymmetric forces on concave part of curve
As curve increases, forces increase and accelerate the process
Commonly associated with loss of lumbar lordosis, producing flat back syndrome

57
Q

Epidemiology of adult degeneration scoliosis

A

Associated with ageing
Predisposing factors including injury, herniated disc, prior back surgery, osteoporosis
More common in women and may have familial, genetic basis

58
Q

Age group associated with adult degenerative scoliosis

A

Pt over 65, process initiated well before that age

59
Q

Clinical presentation of adult degenerative scoliosis

A

Increase structural change may cause nerve irritation, creating symptoms in leg and/or foot
May include pain radiating into buttocks or legs with activity, numbness burning or weakness
Radiating symptoms vary with nerve roots affected
Most common segments= L4/5
Palpable curvature of SPs, loss of lumbar lordosis, diminishing height and lower ribs settling closer to iliac crest

60
Q

Prognosis of adult degenerative scoliosis

A

Daily exercise with focus on core strengthening or increase in activity tolerance recommended
Anti-inflammatory drugs also prescribed
Ease symptoms but cannot be completely cured

61
Q

Rib # Hx

A

Sharp local P following trauma or prolonged cough

62
Q

Rib # physical exam

A

Palpable crepitus
Possible edema and/or discolouration
P with chest motion

63
Q

Rib # diagnostic test

A

X-ray

64
Q

Rib subluxation Hx

A

Sharp local P or near spine with inspiration

65
Q

Rib subluxation SSx

A

Palpatory tenderness and local myospasm

66
Q
A

Orthopaedic Conditions (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions