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MD3001 NG > Thoracic Cavity 1 > Flashcards

Thoracic Cavity 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of serous membrane?

A

Allows movement, expansion and contraction of organs, Compartmentalise, lubricate potential spaces to prevent friction.

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2
Q

what do body cavities consist of?

A
  • confine organs and systems that have related functions
  • lined by sous membranes
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3
Q

Where will you find the viceral and parietal pleura layer?

A

Viceral is the serous membrane incontact with the lungs whereas the parietal layer is incontact with the thoracic wall and superior diaphragm.

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4
Q

1) what are abdominal and pelvic cavities lined by?
2) what is the thoracic cavity lined with?
3) what is the heart covered by?

A

1) peritoneum
2) pleura
3) pericardium

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5
Q

what makes up the thoracic cage?

A
  • sternum
  • 12 pars of ribs
  • costal cartilage
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs
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6
Q

what is the thoracic cavity divided into?

A

1- right pleural cavity
2- left pleural cavity
3- mediastinum

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7
Q

describe true ribs

A
  • ribs 1-7
  • attach sternum directly through their own costal cartilage
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8
Q

where does pleura cover?

A

lungs
root of lung
the diaphragm
thoracic wall

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9
Q

what makes up the thoracic wall

A
  • thoracic cage
  • skin and subcutaneous tissue
  • thoracic muscles and fascia
  • intercostal muscles
  • mammary glands and breast tissue
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10
Q

What is the parietal pleura attached to?

A

Thorax wall
the fascia at the thoracic inlet
1st rib and T1
Fibrous pericardium and other mediastinal structures and the Diaphragm

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11
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The space between the two pleural sacs, sternum and the costal cartilage, thoracic vertebrae and diaphragm.
It is mobile region to accommodate volume and pressure changes

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12
Q

Name the different areas the mediastinum is broken up into?

A

Superior mediastinum, middle and the Inferior mediastinum (which further gets subdivided into the anterior, middle and postierior mediastinum)

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13
Q

Describe the location of superior mediastinum

A

It is behind the maubrium, between the inlet and the sternal angle.

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14
Q

Describe the location of inferior mediastinum

A

Inferior to transverse plane through the sternal angel and the diaphragm.

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15
Q

What are the structres on the right side of the mediastinum?

A

These related to the right atrium and veins: SVC, arch of azygos and IVC

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16
Q

What are the structres on the left side of the mediastinum?

A

Relate to left ventricle and arteries: Left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, arch of aorta and thoracic aorta.

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17
Q

What are the contents of the middle mediastinum

A

Heart, Pericardium, Origins of great vessels, smaller vessels (pulmonary veins) phrenic nerves and branches of the vagus nerve.

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18
Q

What is the pericardium and its functions

A

It is a fibro-serous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels.
Its functions are anchoring the heart to surrounding tissue without compromising cardiac movement and prevent the overfilling of the heart.

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19
Q

What are the layers the pericardium is comprised of?

A

Fibrous pericardium (external) and the serous pericardium (internal)

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20
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium attached too?

A
  • Apex is fused with tunica adventitia of great vessels
  • anteriorly it is attached to sterno-pericardial ligament (to sternum and CC 3-6)
  • posteriorly is attached to the pericardiovertebral ligaments (5-8)
  • inferiorly it blends with the central tendon of the diaphragm
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21
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

A

Parietal - lines the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium.
Visceral = epicardium.

22
Q

describe the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?

A
  • lines the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium
  • reflects onto itself around the roots of the great vessels and continuous as the visceral layer
23
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity? and how much fluid sits here and it function.

A

Between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium.
10-15ml of fluid produced by serous pericardium. It reduces friction during contraction of the heart

24
Q

describe the fibrous pericardium and what its related to anteriorly and posteriorly?

A
  • apex is fused with the adventitia of the great vessels
  • anteriorly, related and attached by the sterno-pericardial ligament to the body of the sternum and 3rd-6th costal cartilages
  • posteriorly, related and attached by the pericardiovertebral ligaments to 5th-8th thoracic vertebrae.
25
Q

what is the pericardium related to inferiorly?

A

blends with the central tendon of the diaphragm
- this attachment of the diaphragm halts the descent of the diaphgram during inspiration.

26
Q

How are the transverse and oblique sinuses (pericardial sinuses) formed?

A

During embryological development the endocardial tube folds and invaginates into the serous pericardium.

27
Q

what does the transverse pericardial sinus do?

A

separates the arterial and venous ends of the heart tube.

28
Q

Where is the location of the Transverse pericardial sinus and when is it important?

A
  • It is posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk and anterior to the SVC.
  • Superior to left atrium and pulmonary veins.
  • It is important in cardiac surgery. It used to separated the arterial and venous ends of the heart tube.
29
Q

Where is the location of the Oblique pericardial sinus?

A

It is a recess on the posterior aspect of the left atrium, on either sides are the pulmonary veins.

30
Q

what is the oblique pericardial sinus surrounded by?

A

surrounded by the reflection of the serous pericardium around the right and left pulmonary veins and the inferior vena cava.

31
Q

What are the nerve supplies for the pericardium?

A

Sensory fibres from the phrenic nerve, vasomotor from the vagus nerve and the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves.

32
Q

what ns controls heart beat?

A

autonomic nervous system = unconscious sensation

33
Q

What are the roots of the phrenic nerve and its journey?

A

Arises from C3,4,5 (keeps the diaphragm alive). It descends over scalenus anterior muscle and then enters the mediastinum between the subclavian vein and artery. It then passes anterior to root of lung, lies between fibrous pericardium and parietal pluera. It runs along SVC IVC and crosses the aortic arch over left ventrical

34
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply?

A

sole Motor supply to the diaphragm and sensory supply to the mediastinal pariertal pleura, peritoneum and pleura related to central tendon of diaphragm and the parietal pericardium

35
Q

examples of how the phrenic nerve can become injured?

A
  • radial incision on the diaphragm
  • lung tumours
  • polio
  • cardiac surgery
36
Q

Where is the refereed pain for the phrenic nerve?

A

Back of neck, supraclavicular region and shoulder tip.

37
Q

describe the route of the phrenic nerve?

A
  • passes anterior to the root of the lung
  • lies between fibrous pericardium and parital pleura
  • right phrenic nerve passes through the canal hiatus
38
Q

describe the phrenic nerve

A
  • arises from the ventral rami of C3, C4, C5
  • sits on top of selenium anterior
  • enters the mediastinum between the venous and arterial planes, subclavian artery and vein.
39
Q

What are the bounderies of the anterior medistinum?

A

Sternal body and xiphoid, pericardium and lungs with pleura

40
Q

What are the contents of the anterior mediasternum?

A

Thymus(in kids), internal mammary vessels, Lymph nodes, CT, fat and lower pole of thyroid.

41
Q

What tumours can arise in the anterior medistinum

A

Terrible 4s. Thymus, Thyroid Terrible lymphoma and teratoma

42
Q

What is the thumus?

A
  • Bilobed organ of lymphoid tissue, it is active until puberty and can extend from lower neck to 4th CC.
  • increasing fibro-fatty infiltration with age
43
Q

What are the 3 planes of the superior mediastinum and what lies between them?

A

Venous, arterial and the trachea and oesophagus. The vagus and phrenic nerve lies within these planes.

44
Q

where does the vagus and phrenic nerve lie between?

A

lies between the venous and arterial plane

45
Q

What are the contents of the venous plane? or what occurs here?

A

Brachiocephalic vein (BCV) formed by IJV and subclavian. The right and left BCV forms the SVC. The arch of azygos joins the SVC this will then enter the right atrium.

46
Q

where does the left brachiocephalic vein pass anterior too?

A

passes anterior to the arch of the aorta, posterior to the manubrium

47
Q

What occurs in the arterial plane?

A

The ascending aorta continuous as the aortic arch above the sternal angel.
It curves up and backwards and then continues as the thoracic aorta in posterior mediastinum.

48
Q

What are the branches of the Aortic Arch?

A
  • Brachiocephalic trunk (divided into right subclavian and right common carotid)
  • Left common carotid
  • the left subclavian (posterior and to the left of the trachea)
49
Q

At what level does the pulmonary trunk divide and what does it divide into?

A

Divides at T4/5 disc into Right and left pulmonary arteries.
right pulmonary artery = posterior to the ascending aorta and superior vena cava
left pulmonary artery= inferior to the arch of the aorta and anterior to the thoracic aorta.

50
Q

where does the pulmonary trunk lie?

A
  • it lies within the pericardium to the left of the ascending aorta.

MD3001 NG (56 decks)

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