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MD3001 NG > stuck > Flashcards

stuck Flashcards

1
Q

areola and lateral quadrant of the breast lymph drainage?

A

axillary nodes

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1
Q

suspensory ligament soft the breast?

A
  • made from condensed connective tissue
  • connect deep fascia of the breast to the dermis of the skin
  • support the breast
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2
Q

medial quadrants of breast lypmph drained by?

A

parasternal lymph nodes

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3
Q

inferior quadrants of breast lymph drained by?

A

inferiorphrenic lymph nodes

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4
Q

what are the diastolic and systolic pressure in pulmonary circulation?

A

systolic = 30mmHg
diastolic = 12mmHg

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5
Q

what are the systolic and diastolic pressures in the aorta?

A

systolic = 120mmHg
diastolic = 80mmHg

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6
Q

what is the primary controller of coronary blood flow?

A

local metabolism, this is what controls the coronary artery radius.

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7
Q

during exercise where will the distribution of CO change to?

A

1- the heart (done via active hyperaemia)
2- skin (the core body temp increases, causing decreased sympathetic innervation to the skin)

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8
Q

what is the first order of kinetics?

A

occurs when a constant proportion of the drug is eliminated per unit time.

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9
Q

what is albumin?

A
  • this is a plasma protein that helps to create osmotic forces
  • it does this by helping to pull fluid into capillaries
  • it binds to free drug
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10
Q

what is the Bainbridge reflex?

A

this is a sympathetic reflex that is a response to increased blood in the atria, causing increased heart rate and contractility, preventing the damming of the blood in veins.

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11
Q

what is decremental conduction?

A

the more frequently the AV node is stimulated, the slower it will conduct.
This prevents rapid conduction to the ventricle in cases of rapid atrial rhythms.

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12
Q

what is atrial fibrillation?

A

irregular and fast heart beat

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13
Q

what will the cardinal vein drain?

A

the trunk and head region of the embryo

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14
Q

what will the umbilical vein drain?

A

it will bring oxygenated blood from the placenta.

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15
Q

what will the vitelline vein drain?

A

the yolk sac

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16
Q

what are the 2 parts of the bulbis cordis?

A

conus cordus
trunks arteriosus

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17
Q

what will the conus cordis become?

A

the aortic vestibule and the infundibulum

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18
Q

what will the trunks arteriosus become?

A

it will divide into the pulmonary and aortic trunk.

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19
Q

what channel will digoxin inhibit?

A

Na/K ATPase
resting membrane potential can’t be restored

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20
Q

what are the 4 cranial veins?

A

1- cerebral veins
2- dural venous sinuses
3- diploic veins
4- emissary veins.

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21
Q

where will berry aneurysms occur?

A

circle of willis
anterior cerebral arteries

associated with sub-arachnoid haemorrhage

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22
Q

where will syphilitic aneurysms occur?

A

thoracic aorta

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23
Q

where will mycotic aneurysms occur?

A

they will effect the walls of arteries that have been effected by infection.
or in the brain secondary to an embolism.

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24
Q

describe takayasu arteritis?

A

pulseless disease
<30 yrs women
histologically it will have giant cells
treat with steroids.

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25
Q

angioma

A

benign tumour of blood vessel

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26
Q

what is subendocardial ischeamia due to?

A

epicardial coronary artery stenosis
this is the main cause of angina.

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26
Q

how is total occlusion of the left anterior descending artery compensated for by the body?

A

by filling from the collaterals of the right coronary artery.

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26
Q

what will ECG’s of angina have?

A

ST depression

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26
Q

myogenic theory?

A

(acute flow auto regulation)
- stretch induces vascular depolarisation of smooth muscle due to increase in arterial pressure
- limiting blood flow through vessel to prevent damage
- stretch activated calcium channels trigger contraction

27
Q

what will subendocardial infarct result in?

A

results in necrosis exclusively involving the inner most aspect of the myocardium.

27
Q

metabolic theory?

A

(acute flow autorgulation)
- increase in arterial pressure, increases 02
- high degree of oxygen delivery will trigger constriction of vasculature
- occlusion of blood supply
- reduced blood flow and protect vessel walls.

27
Q

what happens if an etherosclerotic plaque ruptures?

A

contents leak out
resulting in platelet aggregation and arterial thrombosis.
- platalets will express prothrombinase which will cause more thrombi to form, this can totally occlude the coronary artery.

27
Q

what is the test for inducible ischeamia?

A

(test for chest pain)
- this is a test for new regional abnormalities in contractile function at peak exercise that were not present at rest.

28
Q

What will a subendocardial infarct result in?

A

It will result in necrosis exclusively involving the inner most aspect of the myocardium.

29
Q

Type 1 MI

A

Spontaneous MI related to ischaemia due to a primary coronary event.

30
Q

Type 2 MI

A

MI secondary to ischamia due to increased oxygen demand and decreased supply.

30
Q

Type 3 MI?

A

Sudden unexpected cardiac death with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischeamia

31
Q

Type 4 MI?

A

MI associated with percutanious coronary stent thrombosis

32
Q

Type 5 MI?

A

MI associated with cardiac surgery

33
Q

What 4 conditions are associated with varicose veins?

A

1- oesophageal varices
2- haemorrhoids
3- varicocele
4- stasis dermatitis

34
Q

What is a dissecting aortic aneurysm associated with?

A

Marfan’s syndrome (connective tissue defect)

35
Q

What is the most common cause of death with dissecting aortic aneurysms?

A

Rupture of the dissection outwards into the pericardial, pleura or peritoneal cavity.

36
Q

Angiosarcoma?

A

Malignant tumour
Occurs in:
- skin
- soft tissue
- breast
- liver
- bone
- spleen

37
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

Malignant tumour
- associated with HIV/AIDS
- This is an angioproliferative tumour that is derived from endothelial cells.

38
Q

3 step management of STEMI’s

A

1- drugs (anti platelets)
2- PCI
3- beta blockers
Statins (lower cholesterol)
ACE inhibitors

39
Q

Why will there be raised cardiomyocyte markers in MI?

A

Because the membrane is not working properly so these markers will leak out

40
Q

What is a transmural infarction?

A

Refers to a MI that involves the full thickness of the myocardium.

41
Q

when would you hear an apical ejection click?

A

in aortic stenosis
- this will occur at the opening of the aortic and pulmonary valves

42
Q

combination of what 4 defects in tetralogy of fallout?

A
  • VSD
  • Pulmonary stenosis
  • right ventricular hypertrophy
  • overriding aorta

SYSTOLIC MURMUR

43
Q

What type of murmur will VSD have?

A

pan systolic murmur

44
Q

What type of hormone is vasopressin?

A

Antidiueretic hormone that will increase reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

45
Q

Aldosterone?

A

Aldosterone is secreted from the adrenal glands
- it stimulates reabsorption of sodium in the kidney

46
Q

What receptors does endothelin bind to?

A

ETa receptors on vascular smooth muscle causing vasoconstriction.
BUT
It can bind to ETb receptors which would cause the release of NO = vasodilation, promoting Na and water excretion.

47
Q

What receptors does norepinephrine have a high affinity for?

A

A1 and B1

48
Q

Where is renin released from?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney.
- activates B1 receptors

49
Q

What happens if endothelin binds to ETb receptors?

A

= production of nitric oxide
- promotes Na and H20 excretion

50
Q

How does an increase in ROS during hypertension effect constriction of blood vessels?

A

H202 this will uncouple the eNOS enzyme = no vasodilation.

51
Q

Conn’s syndrome?

A

Endocrine disease
- zona glomerulus
- increased aldosterone

52
Q

Cushing’s syndrome?

A
  • zona fasiculata
  • increased cortisol
53
Q

What are the 3 roles of angiotensin 2?

A

1- vasoconstriction
2- release of aldosterone from zona glomerulus
3- ADH from pituitary

54
Q

Duplications in what region on the chromosome will lead to congenital heart defects in those with downs?

A

DS-CHD

55
Q

What 2 genes were over expressed in patients with downs and heart problems?

A

DSCAM
COL6A2

56
Q

What deletion is present with catch 22 and DiGeorges syndrome?

A

22q11.2

57
Q

What cardiac abnormalities are associated with DiGeorgie’s syndrome?

A

1- tetralogy of fallot
2- VSD
3- interuption of aortic arch.

58
Q

Loss of function associated with prolonged QT interval?

A

Mutation in KCNQ1

59
Q

Gain of function associated with long QT interval?

A

SCN5A Na channel.
- sodium channel constantly open making it harder to repolarise, therefore a prolonged QT interval.

60
Q

What is an example of locus heterogeneity?

A

The 2 different causes of long QT interval.

61
Q

What is a compound heterozygote?

A

The presence of 2 different alleles at a particular gene locus.

62
Q

What will mutations on either side of PCSK9 cause?

A

1- on one side, there will be a breakdown in LDL receptor levels which will cause and increase in LDL.

2- on the other side, there will be recycling of the receptors, leading to lower cholesterol levels.

Treat with = Indisiran

63
Q

Thrombectomy?

A

Brain
Sucks clot out

64
Q

Thromobolysis

A

Brain
Heart
kidney
(Dissolves clot)

65
Q

Angioplasty

A

Heart
- balloon stent

MD3001 NG (56 decks)

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