thoracic Flashcards

1
Q

define the mediastinum

A

the space between the lungs. contains the heart, great vessels, esophagus, trachea and the nerves
separates the right from the left pleural cavity

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2
Q

what are the great vessels

A

aorta
pulmonary trunk
inferior and superior vena cava

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3
Q

start and end of thorax

A

1st rib to 12th thoracic vertebra
diaphragm forms the lower boundary

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4
Q

how many parts in the sternum

A

3

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5
Q

name the parts of the sternum

A
  1. manubrium
  2. body
  3. xiphoid
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6
Q

name the costals

A
  1. external
  2. internal
  3. innermost
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7
Q

which costal is responsible for inhalation

A

external costal raise the ribs and open the chest

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8
Q

external costal action

A

raise the ribs
open the chest
responsible for forced and passive inhalation

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9
Q

role of internal costal

A

depress the ribs
close the chest cavity
forced exhalation

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10
Q

innermost costal

A

contract along with the internal intercostal and help with exhalation

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11
Q

number of pleura

A

2

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12
Q

double layered membranes

A

pleaurae

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13
Q

parietal pleura

A

outer pleura
lines the inside of the rib cage and disphragm

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14
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers the lungs

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15
Q

space between the 2 pleural membranes

A

pleural space

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16
Q

pleural space

A

space between the 2 pleural membranes

17
Q

lobes of the right lung

A
  1. superior
  2. middle
  3. inferior
18
Q

lobes of the left lung

A
  1. superior
  2. inferior
19
Q

fissure of the right lung

A

horizontal (superior and middle)
oblique (middle inferior)

20
Q

fissure of left lung

21
Q

most common type of lung cancer

A

non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

22
Q

3 most common forms of (NSCLC)

A
  1. adenocarcinoma
  2. squamous cell carcinoma
  3. large cell carcinoma
23
Q

symptoms of lung cancer

A

cough (often with blood)
chest pain
wheezing
weight loss

24
Q

tumor size in stage 1 lung cancer

A

< 5cm
confined to one lung
may extend through the pleura

25
stage II lung cancer
tumors may be >5cm multiple tumors spread to lymph nodes where the primary bronchus enters the lung
26
stage III lung cancer
tumor > 5 cm tumors may be present on additional lymph nodes, pericardium and diaphragm
27
stage IV lung cancer
tumors have metastasized (spread) to distant sites through the body tumors may be present on the liver, bones or brain
28
how common is lung cancer
most common cancer in men 3rd most common cancer in women
29
emphysema
condition affecting alveoli alveolar walls are broken down causing alveolar air spaces to become permanently and abnormally enlarged fewer alveolar walls leads to less surface area for gas exchange limiting airflow (think open concept house vs. closed less room to hang pictures)
30
symptoms of emphysema
shortness of breath fatigue wheezing coughing