thoracic Flashcards
define the mediastinum
the space between the lungs. contains the heart, great vessels, esophagus, trachea and the nerves
separates the right from the left pleural cavity
what are the great vessels
aorta
pulmonary trunk
inferior and superior vena cava
start and end of thorax
1st rib to 12th thoracic vertebra
diaphragm forms the lower boundary
how many parts in the sternum
3
name the parts of the sternum
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid
name the costals
- external
- internal
- innermost
which costal is responsible for inhalation
external costal raise the ribs and open the chest
external costal action
raise the ribs
open the chest
responsible for forced and passive inhalation
role of internal costal
depress the ribs
close the chest cavity
forced exhalation
innermost costal
contract along with the internal intercostal and help with exhalation
number of pleura
2
double layered membranes
pleaurae
parietal pleura
outer pleura
lines the inside of the rib cage and disphragm
visceral pleura
covers the lungs
space between the 2 pleural membranes
pleural space
pleural space
space between the 2 pleural membranes
lobes of the right lung
- superior
- middle
- inferior
lobes of the left lung
- superior
- inferior
fissure of the right lung
horizontal (superior and middle)
oblique (middle inferior)
fissure of left lung
oblique
most common type of lung cancer
non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
3 most common forms of (NSCLC)
- adenocarcinoma
- squamous cell carcinoma
- large cell carcinoma
symptoms of lung cancer
cough (often with blood)
chest pain
wheezing
weight loss
tumor size in stage 1 lung cancer
< 5cm
confined to one lung
may extend through the pleura
stage II lung cancer
tumors may be >5cm
multiple tumors
spread to lymph nodes where the primary bronchus enters the lung
stage III lung cancer
tumor > 5 cm
tumors may be present on additional lymph nodes, pericardium and diaphragm
stage IV lung cancer
tumors have metastasized (spread) to distant sites through the body
tumors may be present on the liver, bones or brain
how common is lung cancer
most common cancer in men
3rd most common cancer in women
emphysema
condition affecting alveoli
alveolar walls are broken down causing alveolar air spaces to become permanently and abnormally enlarged fewer alveolar walls leads to less surface area for gas exchange limiting airflow (think open concept house vs. closed less room to hang pictures)
symptoms of emphysema
shortness of breath
fatigue
wheezing
coughing
