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CHM 1008 > thomas - part 1 > Flashcards

thomas - part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how much of european population died in black death

A

30-60%

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2
Q

what did they think caused the black death

A

evil vapours - miasmata

bad air - mal aria around swamps

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3
Q

what causes the black death

A

bacteria yersnia pestis

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4
Q

who invented disease seeds

A

girolamo fracastoro

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5
Q

what was disease seeds the first step of

A

germ theory

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6
Q

what did antoni van leeuwenhoek find

A

animalcules

microorganisms

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7
Q

who thought airborn dust carried germs of yeast and microorganisms

A

louis pasteur

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8
Q

what was pasteurs central theory

A

the transformation of organic matter is effected by specific microorganisms with specific requirements for nutrients and temperature

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9
Q

what treatment is given to wine

A

55 degrees briefly then rapid cooling

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10
Q

time and temp for pasteurisation

A

72 degrees

15 seconds

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11
Q

what did koch find

A

bacillus anthracis causes anthrax
microorganisms responsible for tuberculosis and cholera
kochs postulates

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12
Q

what are kochs postulates

A

microorganisms found in abundance in organisms suffereing from a disease, not in healthy
microorganism isolated
then shown to cause disease alone
reisolated and shown to be the same

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13
Q

what did koch invent

A

crystal violet to visualise bacterial cells

human cells not stained

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14
Q

different types of bacteria koch found

A

gram positive and negative

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15
Q

average cell length and volume of bacteria

A

1 micrometer

1-2 micrometres squared

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16
Q

are bacteria pro or eukaryotic

A

prokaryotic

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17
Q

what are gram positive bacteria cell walls made of

A

peptidoglycan and teichoic acids

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18
Q

what is peptidoglycan made of

A

carbohydrates and amino acids

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19
Q

what is the cell wall of a gram negative bacteria made from

A

peptidoglycan
phospholipids
lipopolysaccharides

20
Q

best early antiseptic

A

camphor

21
Q

difference between antiseptic and disinfectants and antibiotic

A

antiseptic kill bacteria on surface of skin
disinfectants kill bacteria on non living objects
antibiotics kill bacteria within the body

22
Q

what antiseptics were used end of 19th century

A

chlorine releasing agents like chloramine T

23
Q

antiseptic by lister

A

phenol

24
Q

issue with phenol

A

blistering

25
Q

best results in antibacterials

A

sulphonamides

26
Q

how do sulphonamides work

A

disrupts dihydropteroate synthetase

stops tetrahydrofolate being made in bacteria not mammals

27
Q

who invented penicillin

A

fleming

28
Q

what was first US patient treated for with penicillin

A

septicaemia

29
Q

how many doses were made for D day

A

2.3 million

30
Q

who discovered structure of penicillin

A

dorothy hodgkin

31
Q

main feature of penicillin

A

beta-lactam ring

32
Q

how do beta lactam rings work

A

disrupts the formation of transpeptidase enzyme which joins peptidoglycan chains together

33
Q

what is nucleophile

A

electron rich
electron pair donator
negative

34
Q

what is electrophile

A

electron deficient, accepts lone pair

positive

35
Q

steps to forming bacterial cell wall

A

hydrolysis of amide bond in peptide
formation of ester with serine in enzyme’s active site
reaction of amine of adjacent chain to form amide

36
Q

reaction of beta lactams

A

reacts with transpeptidase

reacts with side chain of amine acid ser in active site

37
Q

other beta lactam

A

cephalosporins

38
Q

how did they deduce the structure of cephalosporins

A

NMR

39
Q

how did they make cephalosporin

A

converting penicillin

40
Q

how does ciprofloxacin work

A

blocks DNA synthesis of gram negative bacteria

41
Q

how does linezolid work

A

blocks bacterial protein synthesis

42
Q

what causes toxic shock

A

release of toxins from staphylococcus aureus into blood

43
Q

how are bacteria resistant to penicillin

A

penicillinase destroys beta lactam ring

44
Q

how to stop beta lactamases from workking

A

add clavulinic acid

45
Q

last resort antibiotics

A

carbapenems
vancomycin
colistin

46
Q

what is vancomycin

A

glycopeptide
IV administered
severe side-affects
disrupts cell wall formation

47
Q

what is colistin

A

active against gram negative
IV administered
side affects
disrupts cell wall displaces cations stabilising the LSP then disrupting membranes

CHM 1008 (10 decks)

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