Oral contraceptive - Anderson Flashcards

1
Q

name of the oral contraceptive we study

A

norethindrone

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2
Q

what is norethindrone an analogue of

A

progesterone

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3
Q

what structure do steroids usually have

A

C17 tetracyclical fused ring system

planar

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4
Q

examples of other steroids

A

cholesterol, testosterone and oestrogen

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5
Q

how many chiral centres do steroids have

A

many

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6
Q

chemical formula of progesterone

A

C21H30O2

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7
Q

how many stereogenic centres does progesterone have

A

14

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8
Q

how many women worldwide use the pill

A

100 million

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9
Q

how many women age 19-49 take the pill

A

1/3

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10
Q

when was norethindrone first marketed

A

1961

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11
Q

other name for oestrogen

A

estradiol

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12
Q

when is increase and decrease in estradiol

A

increases first part of cycle

decreases before ovulation

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13
Q

what triggers lutenising hormone

A

drop off of oestrogen

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14
Q

which hormones cause ovulation

A

LH and FSH - lutenising and follicle stimulating hormone

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15
Q

how does oral contraceptive work

A

constant level of hormones mimic pregnancy so LH and FSH not released

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16
Q

how does progesterone prevent pregnancy

A

creates a thick layer of cervical mucus which sperm cannot penetrate
produce a thinner endometrium so eggs cannot implant

17
Q

how successful is oral contraceptive

A

99.9%

18
Q

steps 1-2 synthesising norethodrone

A

synthesis of a methyl ether

19
Q

steps 2-3 of synthesising norethodrone

A

birch reduction
aromatic ring to diene
makes enol ether which is protected form of a ketone

20
Q

steps 3-4 of synthesising norethindrone

A

oxidation of a secondary alcohol to form a ketone

using PCC under dry conditions

21
Q

steps 4-5 synthesis of norethindrone

A

addition of a metal-acetylide to a ketone

stereoselective

22
Q

steps 5-6 of synthesis of norethindrone

A

hydrolysis of the enol ether

23
Q

synthesis of norethindrone steps 6-7

A

migration of a double bond

24
Q

how was the combined pill invented

A

residues of menstranol (analogue of estradiol) from previous steps found to be more effective

25
Q

pros of oral contraceptive

A
99.9% effective
oral administration
improves maternal mortality
protects against some cancers
prevents birth of unwanted children that can cause social issues
on list of essential medicine
26
Q

disadvantages of oral contraception

A

does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases
must be taken every day within 4-12 hours of specified daily time
higher risk of deep vein thrombosis and embolism
increased risk of some cancers
environmental impact of excretion of synthetic oestrogens