Four Molecules - Anderson - Alcohol

Question 1

chemical composition of alcohol

Answer 1

C3H7OH

skeletal V with an OH after

Question 2

process of creating alcohol

Answer 2

fermentation

Question 3

what is needed for fermentation

Answer 3

enzymes in yeast (saccharomyces) to catalyse

sugars

Question 4

equation for alcohol

Answer 4

sugars -> ethanol + CO2

Question 5

what is beer made of

Answer 5

fermented grains

Question 6

what is cider made from

Answer 6

fermented fruit juices

Question 7

what is mead made of

Answer 7

fermented honey

Question 8

what is wine made of

Answer 8

fermented grape juice

Question 9

what is fortification

Answer 9

adding distilled alcohol to drinks

Question 10

what is distillation

Answer 10

evaporating alcohol to separate

Question 11

first instance of alcohol in history

Answer 11

stone age ca. 10,000 BC

Question 12

when was alcohol introduced to china and the middle east

Answer 12

6000-7500 BC

Question 13

what was alcohol used for in egypt

Answer 13

medicine

Question 14

when was alcohol used in egypt

Answer 14

2100 BC

Question 15

what does the bible say to do with alcohol

Answer 15

give it to the dying and depressed

Question 16

what did greeks and romans drink

Answer 16

diluted wine

Question 17

what did they drink in the middle ages

Answer 17

beer brewed by monks

Question 18

what happened in the 15th century

Answer 18

distilled alcohol invented such as whisky

Question 19

what happened in the 18th century

Answer 19

the gin epidemic

Question 20

what happened in the 19th century

Answer 20

wine was imported for wealthier people

Question 21

the affect of alcohol on the nervous system

Answer 21

depressant

Question 22

what causes lack of tension when drinking alcohol

Answer 22

mimics GBA so binds to receptors GBA creates tension

Question 23

what causes calming affect when drinking alcohol

Answer 23

mimics glutamate causing increased dopamine calming affect

Question 24

what does mimicking glutamine affect

Answer 24

lack of muscle control
slowed breathing and heartrate
lack short term memories
increased dopamine

Question 25

where is alcohol absorbed in the body

Answer 25

20% in the stomach and 80% in the intestine

Question 26

is more alcohol absorbed with a higher water content or less

Answer 26

more

Question 27

is more alcohol absorbed with a higher fat content or less

Answer 27

less

Question 28

what is the enzyme which metabolises alcohol for the first step

Answer 28

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 29

what type of reaction does alcohol dehydrogenase do

Answer 29

oxidation

Question 30

what is alcohol oxidised into

Answer 30

ethanal

Question 31

what is the coenzyme which is reduced

Answer 31

NAD+

Question 32

what is the issue with enthanal

Answer 32

toxic and carcinogenic

Question 33

how does the body get rid of ethanal

Answer 33

NAD+ oxidises again

Question 34

what chemical causes a hangover

Answer 34

ethanal

Question 35

negative health implications of alcohol

Answer 35

``` acute alcohol poisoning accidents through impaired thoughts fetal alcohol syndrome alcoholism obesity cancer ```

Question 36

how is ethanal carcinogenic

Answer 36

reacts with exocyclical amines of dG to make imine | 2 ethanal react to form crotonaldehyde crosslinks in DNA

Question 37

how much pure alcohol is one unit

Answer 37

10ml or 8g

Question 38

equation for working out the units of a drink

Answer 38

strength (ABV) x volume (ml)/1000

Question 39

suggested units in a week

Answer 39

14