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Third Test Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What do psychonalytic theorists study about mothers

A

the mothers unconsicious actions, exploring her deep attachment to their children

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1
Q

Is motherhood natural? what is the 3 analytical perspectives?

A
  • psychoanalytic
  • feminist
  • sociological
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2
Q

who described the mother as the childs primary love object and the parent most responsible for its optimal development

A

Sigmund Freud

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3
Q

In the early years of the infants life, the relationship with the mother is very close until what

A

oedipal conflict

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4
Q

what happens during the oedipal conflict

A

the boy renounces the love of his mother in fear of his more powerful father
the girl also moves away from her mother, whom she sees as powerless and castrated

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5
Q

What did Melanie Klein say

A
  • she works with children in psychonalysis

- crucial in understanding the unconsicious side of mothering

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6
Q

what did melanie klein say about the oedipal conflict and the developmental period

A

oedipal conflict was not as important as the developmental period which preceeded it

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7
Q

as the infants need for nourishment was its prime concern what could happen

A

nervous and depressive anxieties in later life could be related to the way the chold has coped with the nursing experience

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8
Q

who came up with the maternal depriviation

A

John Bowlby

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9
Q

what did John Bolby argue

A

that the childs care in the early years was of vital importance for its future

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10
Q

wha did the maternal deprivation theory maintain

A

that a child could be damaged if for any reason it was removed from its mothers care at least for the first three years of its life

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11
Q

the popularity of Bowlby and other experts caused what

A

problems with mothers in the workforce

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12
Q

what did feminist say about mothering

A

feminists have been concerned with the subordination of women in the mothering role and have offered impassioned and often contradictory ways of thinking about motherhood

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13
Q

What was Simone De Bauvoir say about mothers subordination

A

she challenged the notion that all women desired motherhood
-in her view, motherhood signaled that women were twice doomed biologically during pregnancy when they lacked control over their bodies

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14
Q

what did Adrienne Rich say about the ideological institution of motherhood

A
  • self serving patriarchal interests were responsible for promulgating the notion of the asexual mother
  • she urged women to become educated about their corporeal processes in order to reclaim their sexuality and form a united female culture
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15
Q

Of women born was pivotal to mothering theories because

A

it investigated womens experience with their children and related it to the subordination in society

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16
Q

what does sociology say about mothering

A

sociologists have attempted to trace the mothers actual experience of child rearing, identifying the way that society and culture have affected her behavior and her attitudes

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17
Q

What did alice rossi do

A

highlighted the connection of the mother to her children

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18
Q

How did alice rossi highlight the connection of the mother to her children

A
  • advocated shared parenting in order to reduce the womans involvement in mothering duties
  • she argued that equality could not be achieved if the biological differences between me and women were ignored
  • claimed to consider both the social and biological determinants of mothering
  • concluded that womens unique propensity to mother, as well as social conditioning from the media, schools and other instituions, meant that men could not share the parenting role
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19
Q

What did Sara Ruddick refuse and then say

A

she refused to define mothering as a specifically female activity. mothering is sex-neutral
-“Anyone who commits her or himself to responding to childrens demands and makes the work of response a considerable part of her or his life, is a mother”

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20
Q

nurturing abilities lead to a kind of what

A

maternal thinking which is constructed out of reflection, judgement, and emotion about their maternal role
-we grow up not only children but future responsible citizens

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21
Q

under sara ruddick perspective what does the mother become

A
  • she questions society
  • mothering becomes a social paradigm
  • ruddick expands her maternal thinking theory to point to a way in which they could function in the public sphere
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22
Q

Mothering is a work or practice and what..

A
  • Ruddick seperates it from the act of giving birth
  • she encourages women to make the choice of whether to refuse or to undertake pregnancy and child care
  • enabling a women to control her own pregnancies, would develop a maternal commitment to cherish life and undertake a work of peace(ethnic of care)
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23
Q

the notion of womens role in the peacemaking process was ?

A

taken up and aligned with teh ecofeminism movements concerns with the health of the planet

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24
Q

ecofeminists tended to

A

romanticize natural birth and child care, using it as a metaphor for nurturing of the earth

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25
Q

In which ways does race shape the experience and the practice of motherhood

A

In the United States aprox 1/2 of black children and 1/3 of hispanic children who survive infancy live in poverty

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26
Q

Is poverty the same for everybody?

A

Motherhood is a subjective experience

-It is linked to the sociocultural context and to issues of race, class, and power

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27
Q

What shapes the experience of mothering

A

public policies, access to power, and social stereotypes

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28
Q

for racial-ethnic women, being able to keep one’s wanted children is

A

a form of maternal empowerment

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29
Q

The term motherwork, or reproductive labor, descibes

A

work that combines public and private, industrial and collective, in terms of survival, empowerment, and identity

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30
Q

Hill Collins uses motherwork as a conceptual lens that descibes black womens experiences with

A
  • paid reproductive labor in the labor market
  • unpaid labor at home
  • political activity-activism
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31
Q

personal sovereignty, interms of racial-ethnic motherwork

A

concerns fighting to hold onto views of family and motherhood that differ from mainstream views

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32
Q

Hill Collins critizes the emphasis placed on male..?

A

domination in household and political economy as a driving force to family life in feminist theorizing about motherhood

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33
Q

How does the experience of migration and seperation shapes mothering practices?

A
  • with globalization, there is an increasing demand for immigrant women to take over the domestic responsibilities of other women
  • women also feel the pressure to immigrate since many people in their villages do so
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34
Q

female headed transnational families can be best described as

A

households with core members living in at least two nation-states in which the mother works abroad and her children reside in the home country

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35
Q

The practice of transnational mothering in the Phillippines differ..

A

from the split households of earlier Chinese, Mexican, and Filipino migrants becase in the later the mother is in charge of productive labor

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36
Q

Nativists organizations aim

A

the further restriction and exclusion of immigration

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37
Q

In some counties like Taiwan, Filipina domestic works are..

A

not eligible for family reunification

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38
Q

In singapore and Malysia, Fillipina domestic workers

A

cannot marry native citizens

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39
Q

Even in countries where family reunification is allowed,

A

structural circumstances determine migrant women from bringing their children with them

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40
Q

the practice of fatherhood. the direct relation of men with their family in general and their children in particular

A

fathering

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41
Q

the social instituation of fatherhood, framed by ideas, traditions, and values

A

fatherhood

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42
Q

what is the two “fathers” across cultures

A

the intimate father patern

and the aloof patern

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43
Q

father involved in domestic activities with children and woman
-more egalitarian

A

the intimate father pattern

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44
Q

men spend time with other men. family is not the center but a social requirement and a personal need/possesion

A

the aloof father pattern

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45
Q

Public space vs private space

A

divided like mothers private and public spaces (but not complementary)

  • public spaces as the political one(easier access for men)
  • private spaces as the family one (men still hold power)
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46
Q

division of public/private spaces is a consequence of modernity (19th and 20th)

A

Men working far from home

  • paid labor (industrialization)
  • disconnected from family life (absence)
  • only economic provideer or disiplinarian figure
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47
Q

Fathers more involved with their children

A
  • economic providers
  • emotional nurturers
  • more joint custody for men
  • emerging single-father households (1 out of 5)
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48
Q

In practice, what limits fathers involvement

A

social structures and traditions

49
Q

what type of social structures and traditions are there

A

divorce (still most of the custody goes to the mother)

  • lower wages
    • long hours at work (less paternal presence)
    • impossibility to maintain the family
  • US family policies generally perpetuate the historical ideal of a father as family head
50
Q

what do more men report

A

valuing their families over their jobs, but spend more time in paid work and less time in family work than married mothers

51
Q

married fathers in the US who live with their children spend about

A

1/3 of the time mothers do in direct interaction with their offspring

52
Q

The crises of parenting: what is the identity crises

A
  • the symbolic meaning of what is to be father needs to be negotiated
  • forced to adapt to economic situations
  • stress on couples
53
Q

Living at the margins:

A

minorities experience fatherhood differently

  • renegotiating the good fathers idea
  • current social policie are ineffective
54
Q

americans are increasingly resembling the predominant

A

african american noncustodial father/custodial mother family form

55
Q

multiple children with several women

  • Baby maker(biological function)
  • involved in short term relationships
A

father

56
Q

emotionally involved

-provides economic and social support

A

daddy

57
Q

US social policies have been implemented in an attempt to combat higher

A

rates of poverty, teenage pregnancy, and drug use in black youths

58
Q

what social policies have the US been implemented

A
  • promoting marriage
  • establishing childrens paternity
  • changing welfare policies
59
Q

there is a lack of attention towards

A

promoting family planning services for men

60
Q

for the government it is important that fathers take… mothers?

A

economic responsibility over their children (child support)

-for mothers financial contributions are not as important as paternal time spent with their children

61
Q

The idea of Fatherhood;

A

abby’s story illustrates the utility of knowing ones biological parents in order to construct on identity
-mothers who use donors and their children create a father for the child by saving and sharing bits and pieces of information from the anonymous profile

62
Q

this shows the power of the dominant two parent ideology because

A

of cultural tradition and social pressures

63
Q

in past 30 years, between how much of americans have lived below the poverty line

A

11-15%

64
Q

by the age of 30, how many of americans have experienced at least one year of poverty

A

27%

65
Q

how much of the population lived in poverty

  • how many american children are poor
  • how much of an increase since 2008?
A

16%
20%
3%

66
Q

2013 the federal poverty line is how much for a family of four?
for one person?

A

23550

11490

67
Q

by the age of 75 how much of americans will have spent at least a year of their life below the poverty line

A

59%

68
Q

How does the US measure poverty?

A

the annual amount of cash income minimally required to support families of various sizes

  • a family is counted as poor if its pretax money income is below its poverty threshold
  • money income does not include noncash benefits such as public housing, medicaid, empolyer- provided health insurance and food stamps
69
Q

who is poor:

blacks, hispanics, asians, nonhispanic whites

A

27.4%, 26.6%, 12.1% 9.9%

70
Q

Is marriage about love?

domestic violence about couples:

A

more than 1/2 couples report about abuse

  • 34% of women were victims of rape within marriage or intimate relationships
  • nearly one out of four murder victims in the US is killed by a member of his or her own family
71
Q

In 1995-96 study conducted in the 50 states how many men and women were raped and/or physically abused

A

25% women and 7.6 men

72
Q

according to the US department of justice between 1998-2002

A

of the almost 3.5 million violent crimes committed against family members, 49% of these werecrimes against spouses
-84% females
86% of victims of datingwere females
-Males 83% of spouse murderers and 75% of partners

73
Q

what are the statistics of stalking on campus

A

13% of college women were stalked

74
Q

Family violence is less frequent in socities in which family life is characterized by

A

cooperation, commitment, sharing, and equity

75
Q

Traditional hunter-gather kinships rarely mistreated their

A
  • children
  • witnessing violence between ones parents or caretakers is the strongest risk factor of transmitting violent behvior from one generation to the next
76
Q

boys who witness domestic violence are twice as likely

A

to abuse their own partners and children when they are adults
-30-60% of perperpetrators

77
Q

The personal is political

A

The feminist slogan from the 60 and 70 identifies and rejects the public-private distinction that excludes women from public participation

78
Q

what is domestic violence is about

A

power and gender relations

79
Q

the male dominance with families is part

A

of a wider system of male power

80
Q

feminist analysis of intimate violence to date had emphasized the commonality of womens experiences despite

A

racial, ethnic, and class differences

81
Q

African American Women suffer deadly violence from family members at rates decidely higher

A

than for other racial groups in the US

82
Q

What was in Beth Richie’s research

A

African american battered women jailed she discovered that they often did not turned to the police for help

83
Q

64% of who indicated that they or a member of their family have experienced at least one form of domestic violence in their lifetime

A

Hispanic texans

84
Q

Domestic violence against women is a pervasive and unrecognized cause of

A
  • chronic health problems from physical trauma
  • chronic stress-related disorders
  • psychological and mental health problems
85
Q

Battering is one form of domestic or intimate partner violence and characterized by

A

the pattern of actions that an individual uses to intentionlly control or dominate his intimate partner

86
Q

The conceptualization of violence as coercive control grew inductively

A

out of the day to day work of battered women and activists

87
Q

What does a batterer do

A

uses threats, intimidation, and coercion to instill fear in his partner. P
-physical and sexual violence holds it all together-this violence is the rim of the wheel

88
Q

In 1984 who began developing curricula for groups for men who batter and victims of domestic violence
-they come up with focus groups

A

Domestic abuse intervention project (DAIP)

89
Q

what was developed from the experience of battered women in Duluth who had been abused by their male partners
-it is in over 40 different languages

A

the power and control wheel

90
Q

this model does not attempt to give a broad understanding of all violence in the home or community but instead

A

offers a more precise explanation of the tactics men use to batter women

91
Q

the coercive control model of domestic violence identifies violence as tactic

A

of entitlement an power that is deeply gendered

92
Q

Men commit 86 to 97% of

and women are killed how many more times

A

of all ciminal assaults

-3.5 times more ofthen than men

93
Q

why do women use violence

A

does not have the same kind of societal support

- just doing it because they are getting treated that way themselves

94
Q

how is battering in homos

A

same as heterosexuals

95
Q

what are the issues that are often responsible for the underutilization of existing social and health services for women in abusive relationships

A
  • language barriers
  • lack of knowledge of such services
  • immigration status
96
Q

according to who womens actual experiences and viewpoints have been ignored to define domestic violence

A

Krishnan and Baig Amin et al

97
Q

what kind of women are in the focus groups

A

obedient daughters, faithful wives, and caring mothers

98
Q

what does recent research indicate women who stay in violent relationships varies with

A

ethnicity, assimilationto the dominant culture and acculturation levels, and attitudes and norms regarding family, marriage, sex roles, and domestic viiolence

99
Q

what is power

A

ability to make a person do what you want them to do

-ability to do what he/she wants to do

100
Q

what is the ability to do what he/she wants to do

A

a sense of entitlement

101
Q

what kind of forms are their in power

A
  • pshcyological -physical
  • economic
  • status -force/lack of it -manipulation -isolation -legal system/institutions
102
Q

in 1930’s men were the legal what

A

responsibility which men was in total control

103
Q

domestic violence is what

A

not gender neutral but cultural

104
Q

American work-life balance

A

in 1970, amost half of all employed men and women reported working 40 hours a week

  • in the year 2000, only 2 in 5 men and women eported working 40 hours a week
  • the rest reported over 50 or more hours
105
Q

Who are only people who worked less than 50 hours and because of why

A

low income men because of no more jobs like that

  • men increased housework at home
  • women decreased housework at home
106
Q

how many american children live in households where all adults work

A

70%

107
Q

what is the ideal work time for both men and women

A

30-40 hours

108
Q

what is the number one reason that women do not want to have sex after men take more of the womens roles

A

cultural change- not attracted anymore

109
Q

a study in the journal of social and personal relationships found that what was one of the five most important strategies in maintaining healthy relationships

A

shared tasks

110
Q

earlier research has found that womens martial satisfacton is indeed linked to

A

mens participation in overall household labor

111
Q

what does the US middle class mothers and fathers think of work and home time

A

mothers continue to be blamed for spending to much time at paid work and away from home
-fathers who would like to spend more with their children often encounter the greatest resistance form their employers and co-workers

112
Q

what does the invisible work mean

A

at home refers to the myriad of details, which ranges from coordinating schedules of family members to make sure someone is home to meet cable guy
EX- meal planning, birthday party

113
Q

who does what?

A

men tend to do manly house chores

-women do more feminine house chores

114
Q

why do women quit their jobs

A

inflexibility in workplace policies, which did not allow for decreased hours or pace of work in order to juggle the second shift
-the mommy track

115
Q

why do women leave their jobs when thier children get older

A

they felt their children had increased demands when they were older that could not be met by a supplemental caregiver

116
Q

partners influenced their wives decisions to leave the workforce

A

the partners had more upward mobility in their careers

  • they had more demanding careers which prevented them from helping with housework and other family responsibilities
  • they voiced a preference for a stay at home wife
117
Q

when women quit their job it shows their supervisors and colleagues

A

that women are not commited to working

-women who do not get along with husbands care less about family and children

118
Q

wealthy lesbigay families are more likely to have egalitarianism with their relationships beause

A

they can afford to hire paid labor to assist with domestic work

119
Q

characteristics of downsized lesbigay families that engage in relatively little domestically are:

A
  • often live in urban enviornments
  • ususlaly share a living space with multiple other adults
  • they are composed of mostly men in their late 20 early 30
120
Q

lesbigay individuals who were more domestically involved possessed all of the following characteristics

A
  • more flexible work schdules
  • partners work outside home
  • they work at real work 40 hour jobs

Sociology of Family (3 decks)

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