Third Test Flashcards
What do psychonalytic theorists study about mothers
the mothers unconsicious actions, exploring her deep attachment to their children
Is motherhood natural? what is the 3 analytical perspectives?
- psychoanalytic
- feminist
- sociological
who described the mother as the childs primary love object and the parent most responsible for its optimal development
Sigmund Freud
In the early years of the infants life, the relationship with the mother is very close until what
oedipal conflict
what happens during the oedipal conflict
the boy renounces the love of his mother in fear of his more powerful father
the girl also moves away from her mother, whom she sees as powerless and castrated
What did Melanie Klein say
- she works with children in psychonalysis
- crucial in understanding the unconsicious side of mothering
what did melanie klein say about the oedipal conflict and the developmental period
oedipal conflict was not as important as the developmental period which preceeded it
as the infants need for nourishment was its prime concern what could happen
nervous and depressive anxieties in later life could be related to the way the chold has coped with the nursing experience
who came up with the maternal depriviation
John Bowlby
what did John Bolby argue
that the childs care in the early years was of vital importance for its future
wha did the maternal deprivation theory maintain
that a child could be damaged if for any reason it was removed from its mothers care at least for the first three years of its life
the popularity of Bowlby and other experts caused what
problems with mothers in the workforce
what did feminist say about mothering
feminists have been concerned with the subordination of women in the mothering role and have offered impassioned and often contradictory ways of thinking about motherhood
What was Simone De Bauvoir say about mothers subordination
she challenged the notion that all women desired motherhood
-in her view, motherhood signaled that women were twice doomed biologically during pregnancy when they lacked control over their bodies
what did Adrienne Rich say about the ideological institution of motherhood
- self serving patriarchal interests were responsible for promulgating the notion of the asexual mother
- she urged women to become educated about their corporeal processes in order to reclaim their sexuality and form a united female culture
Of women born was pivotal to mothering theories because
it investigated womens experience with their children and related it to the subordination in society
what does sociology say about mothering
sociologists have attempted to trace the mothers actual experience of child rearing, identifying the way that society and culture have affected her behavior and her attitudes
What did alice rossi do
highlighted the connection of the mother to her children
How did alice rossi highlight the connection of the mother to her children
- advocated shared parenting in order to reduce the womans involvement in mothering duties
- she argued that equality could not be achieved if the biological differences between me and women were ignored
- claimed to consider both the social and biological determinants of mothering
- concluded that womens unique propensity to mother, as well as social conditioning from the media, schools and other instituions, meant that men could not share the parenting role
What did Sara Ruddick refuse and then say
she refused to define mothering as a specifically female activity. mothering is sex-neutral
-“Anyone who commits her or himself to responding to childrens demands and makes the work of response a considerable part of her or his life, is a mother”
nurturing abilities lead to a kind of what
maternal thinking which is constructed out of reflection, judgement, and emotion about their maternal role
-we grow up not only children but future responsible citizens
under sara ruddick perspective what does the mother become
- she questions society
- mothering becomes a social paradigm
- ruddick expands her maternal thinking theory to point to a way in which they could function in the public sphere
Mothering is a work or practice and what..
- Ruddick seperates it from the act of giving birth
- she encourages women to make the choice of whether to refuse or to undertake pregnancy and child care
- enabling a women to control her own pregnancies, would develop a maternal commitment to cherish life and undertake a work of peace(ethnic of care)
the notion of womens role in the peacemaking process was ?
taken up and aligned with teh ecofeminism movements concerns with the health of the planet
ecofeminists tended to
romanticize natural birth and child care, using it as a metaphor for nurturing of the earth
In which ways does race shape the experience and the practice of motherhood
In the United States aprox 1/2 of black children and 1/3 of hispanic children who survive infancy live in poverty
Is poverty the same for everybody?
Motherhood is a subjective experience
-It is linked to the sociocultural context and to issues of race, class, and power
What shapes the experience of mothering
public policies, access to power, and social stereotypes
for racial-ethnic women, being able to keep one’s wanted children is
a form of maternal empowerment
The term motherwork, or reproductive labor, descibes
work that combines public and private, industrial and collective, in terms of survival, empowerment, and identity
Hill Collins uses motherwork as a conceptual lens that descibes black womens experiences with
- paid reproductive labor in the labor market
- unpaid labor at home
- political activity-activism
personal sovereignty, interms of racial-ethnic motherwork
concerns fighting to hold onto views of family and motherhood that differ from mainstream views
Hill Collins critizes the emphasis placed on male..?
domination in household and political economy as a driving force to family life in feminist theorizing about motherhood
How does the experience of migration and seperation shapes mothering practices?
- with globalization, there is an increasing demand for immigrant women to take over the domestic responsibilities of other women
- women also feel the pressure to immigrate since many people in their villages do so
female headed transnational families can be best described as
households with core members living in at least two nation-states in which the mother works abroad and her children reside in the home country
The practice of transnational mothering in the Phillippines differ..
from the split households of earlier Chinese, Mexican, and Filipino migrants becase in the later the mother is in charge of productive labor
Nativists organizations aim
the further restriction and exclusion of immigration
In some counties like Taiwan, Filipina domestic works are..
not eligible for family reunification
In singapore and Malysia, Fillipina domestic workers
cannot marry native citizens
Even in countries where family reunification is allowed,
structural circumstances determine migrant women from bringing their children with them
the practice of fatherhood. the direct relation of men with their family in general and their children in particular
fathering
the social instituation of fatherhood, framed by ideas, traditions, and values
fatherhood
what is the two “fathers” across cultures
the intimate father patern
and the aloof patern
father involved in domestic activities with children and woman
-more egalitarian
the intimate father pattern
men spend time with other men. family is not the center but a social requirement and a personal need/possesion
the aloof father pattern
Public space vs private space
divided like mothers private and public spaces (but not complementary)
- public spaces as the political one(easier access for men)
- private spaces as the family one (men still hold power)
division of public/private spaces is a consequence of modernity (19th and 20th)
Men working far from home
- paid labor (industrialization)
- disconnected from family life (absence)
- only economic provideer or disiplinarian figure
Fathers more involved with their children
- economic providers
- emotional nurturers
- more joint custody for men
- emerging single-father households (1 out of 5)
In practice, what limits fathers involvement
social structures and traditions
what type of social structures and traditions are there
divorce (still most of the custody goes to the mother)
- lower wages
- long hours at work (less paternal presence)
- impossibility to maintain the family
- US family policies generally perpetuate the historical ideal of a father as family head
what do more men report
valuing their families over their jobs, but spend more time in paid work and less time in family work than married mothers
married fathers in the US who live with their children spend about
1/3 of the time mothers do in direct interaction with their offspring
The crises of parenting: what is the identity crises
- the symbolic meaning of what is to be father needs to be negotiated
- forced to adapt to economic situations
- stress on couples
Living at the margins:
minorities experience fatherhood differently
- renegotiating the good fathers idea
- current social policie are ineffective
americans are increasingly resembling the predominant
african american noncustodial father/custodial mother family form
multiple children with several women
- Baby maker(biological function)
- involved in short term relationships
father
emotionally involved
-provides economic and social support
daddy
US social policies have been implemented in an attempt to combat higher
rates of poverty, teenage pregnancy, and drug use in black youths
what social policies have the US been implemented
- promoting marriage
- establishing childrens paternity
- changing welfare policies
there is a lack of attention towards
promoting family planning services for men
for the government it is important that fathers take… mothers?
economic responsibility over their children (child support)
-for mothers financial contributions are not as important as paternal time spent with their children
The idea of Fatherhood;
abby’s story illustrates the utility of knowing ones biological parents in order to construct on identity
-mothers who use donors and their children create a father for the child by saving and sharing bits and pieces of information from the anonymous profile
this shows the power of the dominant two parent ideology because
of cultural tradition and social pressures
in past 30 years, between how much of americans have lived below the poverty line
11-15%
by the age of 30, how many of americans have experienced at least one year of poverty
27%
how much of the population lived in poverty
- how many american children are poor
- how much of an increase since 2008?
16%
20%
3%
2013 the federal poverty line is how much for a family of four?
for one person?
23550
11490
by the age of 75 how much of americans will have spent at least a year of their life below the poverty line
59%
How does the US measure poverty?
the annual amount of cash income minimally required to support families of various sizes
- a family is counted as poor if its pretax money income is below its poverty threshold
- money income does not include noncash benefits such as public housing, medicaid, empolyer- provided health insurance and food stamps
who is poor:
blacks, hispanics, asians, nonhispanic whites
27.4%, 26.6%, 12.1% 9.9%
Is marriage about love?
domestic violence about couples:
more than 1/2 couples report about abuse
- 34% of women were victims of rape within marriage or intimate relationships
- nearly one out of four murder victims in the US is killed by a member of his or her own family
In 1995-96 study conducted in the 50 states how many men and women were raped and/or physically abused
25% women and 7.6 men
according to the US department of justice between 1998-2002
of the almost 3.5 million violent crimes committed against family members, 49% of these werecrimes against spouses
-84% females
86% of victims of datingwere females
-Males 83% of spouse murderers and 75% of partners
what are the statistics of stalking on campus
13% of college women were stalked
Family violence is less frequent in socities in which family life is characterized by
cooperation, commitment, sharing, and equity
Traditional hunter-gather kinships rarely mistreated their
- children
- witnessing violence between ones parents or caretakers is the strongest risk factor of transmitting violent behvior from one generation to the next
boys who witness domestic violence are twice as likely
to abuse their own partners and children when they are adults
-30-60% of perperpetrators
The personal is political
The feminist slogan from the 60 and 70 identifies and rejects the public-private distinction that excludes women from public participation
what is domestic violence is about
power and gender relations
the male dominance with families is part
of a wider system of male power
feminist analysis of intimate violence to date had emphasized the commonality of womens experiences despite
racial, ethnic, and class differences
African American Women suffer deadly violence from family members at rates decidely higher
than for other racial groups in the US
What was in Beth Richie’s research
African american battered women jailed she discovered that they often did not turned to the police for help
64% of who indicated that they or a member of their family have experienced at least one form of domestic violence in their lifetime
Hispanic texans
Domestic violence against women is a pervasive and unrecognized cause of
- chronic health problems from physical trauma
- chronic stress-related disorders
- psychological and mental health problems
Battering is one form of domestic or intimate partner violence and characterized by
the pattern of actions that an individual uses to intentionlly control or dominate his intimate partner
The conceptualization of violence as coercive control grew inductively
out of the day to day work of battered women and activists
What does a batterer do
uses threats, intimidation, and coercion to instill fear in his partner. P
-physical and sexual violence holds it all together-this violence is the rim of the wheel
In 1984 who began developing curricula for groups for men who batter and victims of domestic violence
-they come up with focus groups
Domestic abuse intervention project (DAIP)
what was developed from the experience of battered women in Duluth who had been abused by their male partners
-it is in over 40 different languages
the power and control wheel
this model does not attempt to give a broad understanding of all violence in the home or community but instead
offers a more precise explanation of the tactics men use to batter women
the coercive control model of domestic violence identifies violence as tactic
of entitlement an power that is deeply gendered
Men commit 86 to 97% of
and women are killed how many more times
of all ciminal assaults
-3.5 times more ofthen than men
why do women use violence
does not have the same kind of societal support
- just doing it because they are getting treated that way themselves
how is battering in homos
same as heterosexuals
what are the issues that are often responsible for the underutilization of existing social and health services for women in abusive relationships
- language barriers
- lack of knowledge of such services
- immigration status
according to who womens actual experiences and viewpoints have been ignored to define domestic violence
Krishnan and Baig Amin et al
what kind of women are in the focus groups
obedient daughters, faithful wives, and caring mothers
what does recent research indicate women who stay in violent relationships varies with
ethnicity, assimilationto the dominant culture and acculturation levels, and attitudes and norms regarding family, marriage, sex roles, and domestic viiolence
what is power
ability to make a person do what you want them to do
-ability to do what he/she wants to do
what is the ability to do what he/she wants to do
a sense of entitlement
what kind of forms are their in power
- pshcyological -physical
- economic
- status -force/lack of it -manipulation -isolation -legal system/institutions
in 1930’s men were the legal what
responsibility which men was in total control
domestic violence is what
not gender neutral but cultural
American work-life balance
in 1970, amost half of all employed men and women reported working 40 hours a week
- in the year 2000, only 2 in 5 men and women eported working 40 hours a week
- the rest reported over 50 or more hours
Who are only people who worked less than 50 hours and because of why
low income men because of no more jobs like that
- men increased housework at home
- women decreased housework at home
how many american children live in households where all adults work
70%
what is the ideal work time for both men and women
30-40 hours
what is the number one reason that women do not want to have sex after men take more of the womens roles
cultural change- not attracted anymore
a study in the journal of social and personal relationships found that what was one of the five most important strategies in maintaining healthy relationships
shared tasks
earlier research has found that womens martial satisfacton is indeed linked to
mens participation in overall household labor
what does the US middle class mothers and fathers think of work and home time
mothers continue to be blamed for spending to much time at paid work and away from home
-fathers who would like to spend more with their children often encounter the greatest resistance form their employers and co-workers
what does the invisible work mean
at home refers to the myriad of details, which ranges from coordinating schedules of family members to make sure someone is home to meet cable guy
EX- meal planning, birthday party
who does what?
men tend to do manly house chores
-women do more feminine house chores
why do women quit their jobs
inflexibility in workplace policies, which did not allow for decreased hours or pace of work in order to juggle the second shift
-the mommy track
why do women leave their jobs when thier children get older
they felt their children had increased demands when they were older that could not be met by a supplemental caregiver
partners influenced their wives decisions to leave the workforce
the partners had more upward mobility in their careers
- they had more demanding careers which prevented them from helping with housework and other family responsibilities
- they voiced a preference for a stay at home wife
when women quit their job it shows their supervisors and colleagues
that women are not commited to working
-women who do not get along with husbands care less about family and children
wealthy lesbigay families are more likely to have egalitarianism with their relationships beause
they can afford to hire paid labor to assist with domestic work
characteristics of downsized lesbigay families that engage in relatively little domestically are:
- often live in urban enviornments
- ususlaly share a living space with multiple other adults
- they are composed of mostly men in their late 20 early 30
lesbigay individuals who were more domestically involved possessed all of the following characteristics
- more flexible work schdules
- partners work outside home
- they work at real work 40 hour jobs
