Second Test Flashcards
what is some capitalism at the practical level for family
- family life and waged labor
- family members are agents of consumption rather than mere agents of production
- children are not free labor anymore
- drastic reduction of family size
- family is not seen as an economic unit anymore
- more time outside home
- less parental control
- more political participation
what is some capitalism at the cultural level
- influence of different cultures
- new understandings of sexuality, intimacy, and family
- pleasure becomes more accepted
- the acceptance of “other” group identities
- seperation of sexuality from procreatiion
- social anonymity
- more political partcipation translated into individual “rights”
In the 1920-1960 gay men and women did what
maintained heterosexual households while exploring in secret same-sex relationships
-more gay women than men
in the 1960-70 what happened in the new gay liberation
the gay self opened
- family became a source of oppresion
- a “factory” of heterosexual hetero-normative reproduction
who came up with the term in compulsory heterosexuality
- adrienne rich was a prominent feminist poet and writer who came out as a lesbian in 1976
- she popularized the phrase in her 1980 essay “compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence”
what does compulsory heterosexuality mean
refers to the idea that heterosexuality as a default sexual orientation, can be adopted by people regardless of their personal sexual preferences
-compulsory means “mandatory, obligatory or required”
who may be accused of compulsory heterosexuality
those who have never thought about or questioned their heterosexual orientation
what happens when a woman decides she is a lesbian
she is rejecting the compulsion toward heterosexual lifestyle and orientation
why does compulsory heterosexuality make coming out difficult
because it keeps women from being able to separate their “true sexual desires” from their “compulsions toward heterosexuality”
family is seen as a social tool for what
social control and social regulation
in 1980-90 gay families started with the negotiation of what
gay identity and the desire for children
gay families also had the negotiation of different feminist frameworks reguarding family as
- a source of oppression (resistance)
- a source of liberation (assimilation)
the word lesbian and mother are what with comparing to one another
opposite but complementary identites
gay couples replicated the heterosexual model of family which endangered what
radical liberation theories
and traditional heterosexual views of family
in 1996 DOMA (what does it stand for) gained even more opposition from what
defense of marriage act
- radical rights and the church
- a new form of gay and lesbian revolution
- same sex coparent families
- chosen families
what were the experiences of the gay dating scene
- missed the dating experience
- experience dating as something negative
- gay identity usually emerges after the dating process starts
- gay teenagers lack models for social imitation in romantic dating
Same-sex intercourse among teenagers
- society accepts this better than same sex romantic relationships
- there is a clear verbal and physical harassment from peers
- it is difficult for teenagers to manage contradictory feelings in hostile social settings
how does gay dating affect the self-esteem
- the more satifactory dating experience the higher personal self esteem
- the hidden aspect of dating same sex partners has a negative effect on personal identity
how does heterosexual sex help gays
helps them by passing as straight
- maintains their status among peers
- also reinforces the feelings of doing something wrong
what does gay youth usually all have in common
- without peer dating experiences during adolescense gay youth frequently find themselves in sporadic, casual, random sex with adults
- do not have the same oppurtunites to learn how to maintain romantic intimacy
- they have unrealistic expecations regarding their relationship
rites of passage
- series of rituals that mark the transition from one social state to another
- marriage is still an important rite of passage
why do gay couples want to get married
- it integrates them into the “norm”
- it conforms their commitment
- it reinforces the idea of monogamy
what is the differences between gay and heterosexual ceremonies
- separation from family
- it means the acceptance of their sexuality by others
- they act as role models
- it happens at a different stage of the relationship
- marriage as a political act
what is race
race has been a way to classify people based on shared physical characteristics that reflects common evolutionary history and hidden genetic traits resulting from generations of adaptations to environmental conditions
-individuals of the same race are assumed to be more similar within their own race
what are the three physical traits within traditional race classifications
- skin color
- hair texture
- facial traits/bone structure
physical anthropolgists of the past three physical traits describe them as
- caucasoid
- negroid
- mongoloid
race differences in family life
- not due to genetics, biology, or evolutionary history
- is a sociopolitical construct
- this constructs develop as a result of historicl circumstanes of intersection between cultural groups and power dynamics in place
what is ethnicity
it relates to cultural factors such as nationality, culture, ancestry, language, and beliefs
what are some similarities of ethnicity and race
- both are subjective identities
- what we think we are
- what other people think we are
- it depends on how the people of a society perceive physical diffences among human beings
racial and ethnic diffences have
produced sterotypes, preducjice, discrimination, racism
are behaviors or tendencies that are attributed to an entire group
sterotypes
an attitude that prejudges a person either positively or negatively on the basis of particular sterotypes
prejudice
predjudices that are translated into behaviors that treat people differently and unfairly
discrimination
is an ideology based on the belief that an observable trait is a mark of inferiority tht justify discrimination within that trait
racism
it is a larger pattern of racism or societal patterns that have the net effect of imposing oppressive or otherwise negative conditions against identifiable groups on the basis of race or ethnicity
institutional racism
racial and ethnic conflicts exist as scapegoats to create some bounding experience for the group
functionalism
- examines race and ethnicity in terms of economic and politcal relations
- those with power will create inter group conflict that will work in their advantage
conflict theory (power of one group)
race and ethnicity serve as social markers of inclusion and exclusion
-the label “white” take its meaning only in its relationship with other races
symbolic interactionism
in sociology what are we interested in talking about race
-not in race but how thats shapes the behavior of people
what are the 4 major racial ethnic groups
- african americans
- hispanic/latinos
- asian americans
- native americans
how does each racial group have a unique history of interaction with the dominant culture
- native americans (colonization/displacement)
- african americans (slavery)
- latinos (displacement/immigration)
- asian americans (immigration/war)
what are the key dimensions of variation in family values
- collectivism/communalism
- familism
- patriarchy
refers to some ethnic and racial minority, whose members are most often perceived to achieve a higher degree of success than the average population
the model minority construct
what are the issues of the model minority myth
- it distorts and ignores the differences within asian american communities
- it creates tensiion and antagonism within and across asian americans subgroups
- it denies its members individuality
- it deprives individuals of necessary social services and monetary support
the house we live in focus on the role of what
that our institutions and public policies play in shaping life opportunities and ones ability to accumulate wealth
what is the “unmarked race”
white people
who helped generate much of the wealth that so many white americans families enjoy today
goverment housing programs and policies
how did government housing programs and policies help white americans families enjoy today
by lowering down payment requirements and extending the term of home loans from 5 to 30 years
what is the policy known as redlining
the government set up a national neighborhood apprisal system that explicity tied mortgage eligibility to race
-integrated and minority communities were deemed a financial risk and made ineligible for low cost home loans
between 1934-1962, the federal gocernment backed what
120 billiion of home loans, more than 98% went to white homebuyers
after ww2, all white suburbs like popped up around the country with the help of new federal policies that directed government guarenteed to white. what city
levittown
governemtnt subsides for municipal services
helped develop and enhance these suburbs further inturn fueling commercial investments
-property values soared in these communities, and white families were able to reap the benefits of increased home equity
what ethnic groups reaped the benefits of whiteness, including the accumulation of equity and wealth
italians jews and other european ethnics
how was the afican americans and latinos living
largely confined to the inner city, saw their neighborhoods decline as urban renewal destroyed available housing and cut freeways through the heart of their communities
-denied home loans, many remained renters and were not able to accumulate wealth through home equity
a family’s net worth
is not simply the finish line its also the starting point for the next generation
family wealth gap
- the starting line for the next generation is drawn at different points on the field
- wealth, more than income is an indicator of life outcomes and performance
when comparing the performances of families across racial lines who hold similar net worth
many of the huge racial disparites that we see in education, graduation rates, welfare usage and other outcomes dissapear
colorblind policies
pretend race doesnt exist are not the same thing as creating equality
wealth
not just about luxury
-it plays a significant role in shaping a familys life chances and creating opportunities in ways we often dont notice
status attainment theory
society stratified in a continuum of access to economic capital and social prestige (status)
conflict theory
two groups in society. power based on access to the means of production
what does the status attainment theory and conflict theory have to do with black women
neither model accounts for the family experiences of black women
- status theory pay more attention to gender
- conflict theory pays more attention to the access to power through control of economic capital
- unpaid womens labor at home is not taken into consideration
- conflict theory and status model use the classic “normal american family” asthe parameter to analyze and measure black womens experiences
“the normal american family”
- strong division between public and private spheres (public-political, private-family)
- it is a gendered division (for whites)
- the private life is also gender-segregated
black families
- lack of access to public life (power)
- public life only through work (ungendered)
- pricate life is not concentrated in the nuclear family (kinship support)
- family life becomes a source of resistance
- family life becomes a more satisfactory “work”
afrocentric feminist analysis
it takes into consideration
- unpaid family labor
- black womens oppression because of gender and because of race
- black womens resistance
black motherhood
the slave mother relationship
- control over womens sexuality and reproduction
- control over ideology
- control over property
womens reaction
- mothering as an act of resistance
- mothering as an act of survival
patriarchy vs. matriarchy
- gender power is relative to economic power
- economic power varies from one group to another
- lack of economic power forces particular family arrangements
- for women to gain power they arrange their families in kinship systems
two types of descent
- unilineal -descent is traced only through one parent
- bilateral-descent is traced through both parents
what are the three types of unilineal descent
- patrilineal - trace through father
- matrilineal-trace through the mother only
- ambilineal-trace through one or the other parent depending upon the situation
transition to free labor
- capitalism-individualism
- it follows public-private models
- but again their access to power was extremely limited
- womens at home criticized
- womens at work explited
- low wages (domestic work and in the field)
urbanization
- mostly domestic work (private within the white model)
- private space becomes feminized
- from live-in to paid by hour
- urban segregation
- status and deference
- physical markers
- invisibility
the divorce narrative
it constructed to close the gap between personal actions and individual/social expectations
-narratives of initiation are very ambiguous they relate to narratives of power and victimization
aligning
-our behaviors with cultural/social expectations
aligning narratives
- justifications-attempts to renegotiate what is wrong and right
- excuses-reproducing standard norms of good/bad
narratives of divorce are in most cases
biased
-it helps the person to recenter attaining some sense of control
gender analysis
- gender explains how people (men and women )experience divorce
- and how they explain the experience of divorce
- those gendered narratives of divorce account for different social expectations for men and women
- we “do gender” in every single social act we enact
- we produce gender throughout divorce as well
who are the initiators of divorce
it seems more women than men are the initiators
-which goes against narratices of social masculinity and males control
women who initiate the divorce do not fit social expectations as nurtures and family protectors
- divorce as the last resort
- use childrens interests as exuse
- use husbans behavior as excuse
- their personal satisfaction was not at stake
men who are non initatitors do not fit the social expectation of main incontrol
some of them claim the initiator status anyway
-or try to get the power after the divorce
the step family
- divorce is the main cause of stepfamilies
- more stepfathers than stepmothers living in the family
- stepchildren know different family arrangements
- stepparents are less authoratiative than non dicorces parents
- step children psychologically
- children appear o be more like single parent children
- stepfamilies financially
- families are more similar to non-divorced families
stranger model
the residential stepparent has no legal rights and no responsibilities
dependency model
the stepparent support the family and provides benefits (federal policy)
who is the author of the emergence of lesbian coparent families in postmodern society
maureen sullivan
who wrote feictive kin, paersons, and compadrazgo
women of color and the struggle for family survival
bonnie thornton dill
who wrote the normal american family as an interpretice structure of family life among grown children of korean and vietnamese immigrants
karen pyke
who wrote dating and romantic relationships among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths
ritch c savin-williams
who wrote the day forward
commitment marriage and family in lesbian and gay relationships
gretchen a stiers
who wrote accounting for divorce
gender and uncoupling narratives
susan walzer and thomas p oles
who wrote the modern american stepfamily
problems and possibilities
mary ann mason
