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Sociology of Family > Second Test > Flashcards

Second Test Flashcards

1
Q

what is some capitalism at the practical level for family

A
  • family life and waged labor
  • family members are agents of consumption rather than mere agents of production
  • children are not free labor anymore
  • drastic reduction of family size
  • family is not seen as an economic unit anymore
  • more time outside home
  • less parental control
  • more political participation
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2
Q

what is some capitalism at the cultural level

A
  • influence of different cultures
  • new understandings of sexuality, intimacy, and family
  • pleasure becomes more accepted
  • the acceptance of “other” group identities
  • seperation of sexuality from procreatiion
  • social anonymity
  • more political partcipation translated into individual “rights”
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3
Q

In the 1920-1960 gay men and women did what

A

maintained heterosexual households while exploring in secret same-sex relationships
-more gay women than men

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4
Q

in the 1960-70 what happened in the new gay liberation

A

the gay self opened

  • family became a source of oppresion
  • a “factory” of heterosexual hetero-normative reproduction
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5
Q

who came up with the term in compulsory heterosexuality

A
  • adrienne rich was a prominent feminist poet and writer who came out as a lesbian in 1976
  • she popularized the phrase in her 1980 essay “compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence”
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6
Q

what does compulsory heterosexuality mean

A

refers to the idea that heterosexuality as a default sexual orientation, can be adopted by people regardless of their personal sexual preferences
-compulsory means “mandatory, obligatory or required”

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7
Q

who may be accused of compulsory heterosexuality

A

those who have never thought about or questioned their heterosexual orientation

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8
Q

what happens when a woman decides she is a lesbian

A

she is rejecting the compulsion toward heterosexual lifestyle and orientation

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9
Q

why does compulsory heterosexuality make coming out difficult

A

because it keeps women from being able to separate their “true sexual desires” from their “compulsions toward heterosexuality”

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10
Q

family is seen as a social tool for what

A

social control and social regulation

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11
Q

in 1980-90 gay families started with the negotiation of what

A

gay identity and the desire for children

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12
Q

gay families also had the negotiation of different feminist frameworks reguarding family as

A
  • a source of oppression (resistance)

- a source of liberation (assimilation)

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13
Q

the word lesbian and mother are what with comparing to one another

A

opposite but complementary identites

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14
Q

gay couples replicated the heterosexual model of family which endangered what

A

radical liberation theories

and traditional heterosexual views of family

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15
Q

in 1996 DOMA (what does it stand for) gained even more opposition from what

A

defense of marriage act

  • radical rights and the church
  • a new form of gay and lesbian revolution
    • same sex coparent families
    • chosen families
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16
Q

what were the experiences of the gay dating scene

A
  • missed the dating experience
  • experience dating as something negative
  • gay identity usually emerges after the dating process starts
  • gay teenagers lack models for social imitation in romantic dating
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17
Q

Same-sex intercourse among teenagers

A
  • society accepts this better than same sex romantic relationships
  • there is a clear verbal and physical harassment from peers
  • it is difficult for teenagers to manage contradictory feelings in hostile social settings
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18
Q

how does gay dating affect the self-esteem

A
  • the more satifactory dating experience the higher personal self esteem
  • the hidden aspect of dating same sex partners has a negative effect on personal identity
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19
Q

how does heterosexual sex help gays

A

helps them by passing as straight

  • maintains their status among peers
  • also reinforces the feelings of doing something wrong
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20
Q

what does gay youth usually all have in common

A
  • without peer dating experiences during adolescense gay youth frequently find themselves in sporadic, casual, random sex with adults
  • do not have the same oppurtunites to learn how to maintain romantic intimacy
  • they have unrealistic expecations regarding their relationship
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21
Q

rites of passage

A
  • series of rituals that mark the transition from one social state to another
  • marriage is still an important rite of passage
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22
Q

why do gay couples want to get married

A
  • it integrates them into the “norm”
  • it conforms their commitment
  • it reinforces the idea of monogamy
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23
Q

what is the differences between gay and heterosexual ceremonies

A
  • separation from family
  • it means the acceptance of their sexuality by others
  • they act as role models
  • it happens at a different stage of the relationship
  • marriage as a political act
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24
Q

what is race

A

race has been a way to classify people based on shared physical characteristics that reflects common evolutionary history and hidden genetic traits resulting from generations of adaptations to environmental conditions
-individuals of the same race are assumed to be more similar within their own race

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25
Q

what are the three physical traits within traditional race classifications

A
  • skin color
  • hair texture
  • facial traits/bone structure
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26
Q

physical anthropolgists of the past three physical traits describe them as

A
  • caucasoid
  • negroid
  • mongoloid
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27
Q

race differences in family life

A
  • not due to genetics, biology, or evolutionary history
  • is a sociopolitical construct
  • this constructs develop as a result of historicl circumstanes of intersection between cultural groups and power dynamics in place
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28
Q

what is ethnicity

A

it relates to cultural factors such as nationality, culture, ancestry, language, and beliefs

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29
Q

what are some similarities of ethnicity and race

A
  • both are subjective identities
    • what we think we are
    • what other people think we are
  • it depends on how the people of a society perceive physical diffences among human beings
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30
Q

racial and ethnic diffences have

A

produced sterotypes, preducjice, discrimination, racism

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31
Q

are behaviors or tendencies that are attributed to an entire group

A

sterotypes

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32
Q

an attitude that prejudges a person either positively or negatively on the basis of particular sterotypes

A

prejudice

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33
Q

predjudices that are translated into behaviors that treat people differently and unfairly

A

discrimination

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34
Q

is an ideology based on the belief that an observable trait is a mark of inferiority tht justify discrimination within that trait

A

racism

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35
Q

it is a larger pattern of racism or societal patterns that have the net effect of imposing oppressive or otherwise negative conditions against identifiable groups on the basis of race or ethnicity

A

institutional racism

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36
Q

racial and ethnic conflicts exist as scapegoats to create some bounding experience for the group

A

functionalism

37
Q
  • examines race and ethnicity in terms of economic and politcal relations
  • those with power will create inter group conflict that will work in their advantage
A

conflict theory (power of one group)

38
Q

race and ethnicity serve as social markers of inclusion and exclusion
-the label “white” take its meaning only in its relationship with other races

A

symbolic interactionism

39
Q

in sociology what are we interested in talking about race

A

-not in race but how thats shapes the behavior of people

40
Q

what are the 4 major racial ethnic groups

A
  • african americans
  • hispanic/latinos
  • asian americans
  • native americans
41
Q

how does each racial group have a unique history of interaction with the dominant culture

A
  • native americans (colonization/displacement)
  • african americans (slavery)
  • latinos (displacement/immigration)
  • asian americans (immigration/war)
42
Q

what are the key dimensions of variation in family values

A
  • collectivism/communalism
  • familism
  • patriarchy
43
Q

refers to some ethnic and racial minority, whose members are most often perceived to achieve a higher degree of success than the average population

A

the model minority construct

44
Q

what are the issues of the model minority myth

A
  • it distorts and ignores the differences within asian american communities
  • it creates tensiion and antagonism within and across asian americans subgroups
  • it denies its members individuality
  • it deprives individuals of necessary social services and monetary support
45
Q

the house we live in focus on the role of what

A

that our institutions and public policies play in shaping life opportunities and ones ability to accumulate wealth

46
Q

what is the “unmarked race”

A

white people

47
Q

who helped generate much of the wealth that so many white americans families enjoy today

A

goverment housing programs and policies

48
Q

how did government housing programs and policies help white americans families enjoy today

A

by lowering down payment requirements and extending the term of home loans from 5 to 30 years

49
Q

what is the policy known as redlining

A

the government set up a national neighborhood apprisal system that explicity tied mortgage eligibility to race
-integrated and minority communities were deemed a financial risk and made ineligible for low cost home loans

50
Q

between 1934-1962, the federal gocernment backed what

A

120 billiion of home loans, more than 98% went to white homebuyers

51
Q

after ww2, all white suburbs like popped up around the country with the help of new federal policies that directed government guarenteed to white. what city

A

levittown

52
Q

governemtnt subsides for municipal services

A

helped develop and enhance these suburbs further inturn fueling commercial investments
-property values soared in these communities, and white families were able to reap the benefits of increased home equity

53
Q

what ethnic groups reaped the benefits of whiteness, including the accumulation of equity and wealth

A

italians jews and other european ethnics

54
Q

how was the afican americans and latinos living

A

largely confined to the inner city, saw their neighborhoods decline as urban renewal destroyed available housing and cut freeways through the heart of their communities
-denied home loans, many remained renters and were not able to accumulate wealth through home equity

55
Q

a family’s net worth

A

is not simply the finish line its also the starting point for the next generation

56
Q

family wealth gap

A
  • the starting line for the next generation is drawn at different points on the field
  • wealth, more than income is an indicator of life outcomes and performance
57
Q

when comparing the performances of families across racial lines who hold similar net worth

A

many of the huge racial disparites that we see in education, graduation rates, welfare usage and other outcomes dissapear

58
Q

colorblind policies

A

pretend race doesnt exist are not the same thing as creating equality

59
Q

wealth

A

not just about luxury

-it plays a significant role in shaping a familys life chances and creating opportunities in ways we often dont notice

60
Q

status attainment theory

A

society stratified in a continuum of access to economic capital and social prestige (status)

61
Q

conflict theory

A

two groups in society. power based on access to the means of production

62
Q

what does the status attainment theory and conflict theory have to do with black women

A

neither model accounts for the family experiences of black women

  • status theory pay more attention to gender
  • conflict theory pays more attention to the access to power through control of economic capital
  • unpaid womens labor at home is not taken into consideration
  • conflict theory and status model use the classic “normal american family” asthe parameter to analyze and measure black womens experiences
63
Q

“the normal american family”

A
  • strong division between public and private spheres (public-political, private-family)
  • it is a gendered division (for whites)
  • the private life is also gender-segregated
64
Q

black families

A
  • lack of access to public life (power)
  • public life only through work (ungendered)
  • pricate life is not concentrated in the nuclear family (kinship support)
  • family life becomes a source of resistance
  • family life becomes a more satisfactory “work”
65
Q

afrocentric feminist analysis

A

it takes into consideration

  • unpaid family labor
  • black womens oppression because of gender and because of race
  • black womens resistance
66
Q

black motherhood

A

the slave mother relationship

  • control over womens sexuality and reproduction
  • control over ideology
  • control over property

womens reaction

  • mothering as an act of resistance
  • mothering as an act of survival
67
Q

patriarchy vs. matriarchy

A
  • gender power is relative to economic power
  • economic power varies from one group to another
  • lack of economic power forces particular family arrangements
  • for women to gain power they arrange their families in kinship systems
68
Q

two types of descent

A
  • unilineal -descent is traced only through one parent

- bilateral-descent is traced through both parents

69
Q

what are the three types of unilineal descent

A
  • patrilineal - trace through father
  • matrilineal-trace through the mother only
  • ambilineal-trace through one or the other parent depending upon the situation
70
Q

transition to free labor

A
  • capitalism-individualism
  • it follows public-private models
  • but again their access to power was extremely limited
  • womens at home criticized
  • womens at work explited
    • low wages (domestic work and in the field)
71
Q

urbanization

A
  • mostly domestic work (private within the white model)
  • private space becomes feminized
  • from live-in to paid by hour
  • urban segregation
  • status and deference
    • physical markers
    • invisibility
72
Q

the divorce narrative

A

it constructed to close the gap between personal actions and individual/social expectations
-narratives of initiation are very ambiguous they relate to narratives of power and victimization

73
Q

aligning

A

-our behaviors with cultural/social expectations

74
Q

aligning narratives

A
  • justifications-attempts to renegotiate what is wrong and right
  • excuses-reproducing standard norms of good/bad
75
Q

narratives of divorce are in most cases

A

biased

-it helps the person to recenter attaining some sense of control

76
Q

gender analysis

A
  • gender explains how people (men and women )experience divorce
  • and how they explain the experience of divorce
  • those gendered narratives of divorce account for different social expectations for men and women
  • we “do gender” in every single social act we enact
  • we produce gender throughout divorce as well
77
Q

who are the initiators of divorce

A

it seems more women than men are the initiators

-which goes against narratices of social masculinity and males control

78
Q

women who initiate the divorce do not fit social expectations as nurtures and family protectors

A
  • divorce as the last resort
  • use childrens interests as exuse
  • use husbans behavior as excuse
  • their personal satisfaction was not at stake
79
Q

men who are non initatitors do not fit the social expectation of main incontrol

A

some of them claim the initiator status anyway

-or try to get the power after the divorce

80
Q

the step family

A
  • divorce is the main cause of stepfamilies
  • more stepfathers than stepmothers living in the family
  • stepchildren know different family arrangements
  • stepparents are less authoratiative than non dicorces parents
  • step children psychologically
    • children appear o be more like single parent children
  • stepfamilies financially
    • families are more similar to non-divorced families
81
Q

stranger model

A

the residential stepparent has no legal rights and no responsibilities

82
Q

dependency model

A

the stepparent support the family and provides benefits (federal policy)

83
Q

who is the author of the emergence of lesbian coparent families in postmodern society

A

maureen sullivan

84
Q

who wrote feictive kin, paersons, and compadrazgo

women of color and the struggle for family survival

A

bonnie thornton dill

85
Q

who wrote the normal american family as an interpretice structure of family life among grown children of korean and vietnamese immigrants

A

karen pyke

86
Q

who wrote dating and romantic relationships among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths

A

ritch c savin-williams

87
Q

who wrote the day forward

commitment marriage and family in lesbian and gay relationships

A

gretchen a stiers

88
Q

who wrote accounting for divorce

gender and uncoupling narratives

A

susan walzer and thomas p oles

89
Q

who wrote the modern american stepfamily

problems and possibilities

A

mary ann mason

Sociology of Family (3 decks)

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