Third quiz #3 Flashcards
Examples of places susceptible to ionizing radiation (4) these are known as the labile tissues
bone marrowreproductive cellsmucous membraneGI tract
Ionizing radiation destroys nuclear material which inhibits _____
DNA replication
____ is usually the result of ionozing radiation
Leukemia(CAT scan in children)
____ & ____ muscle is not sensitive to ionizing radiation
Skeletal, heart
CD4 receptor cells include _____ cells or macrophages
T4 helper
Viruses are ____ because they are much smaller than a cell
intracellular
_____ virus is attracted to the nervous system and crawls along the nervous fiber
rabies
Loss of function in Greek is _____, Galen named it such
functio laesa
After the passing of the pre-capillary ____ begins the only place in the body where the exchange between interstitial fluid and blood
sphincter
Only at the _____ and ______ is where the exchange takes place, thus it it also the same place _____ takes place
capillaries, post-capillaries, inflammation
The capillaries have a _____ and endothelial cells with _____ between
basement membrane, gaps
_____ work like transports, exchange between blood and tissue
Pinocyte vesicles
Tissues without _____ cannot become inflamed
blood vessels
If the skin is cut, vessels immediately ____ but then _____ in order to inflame the area
vasoconstrict, vasodilate
_____ is an excess of blood in a body part, an engorgement, it is a passive vascular process of inflammation
Hyperemia
When the proteins escape, it _____ the osmotic pressure in the tissue and pulls more liquid with it
increases
When damage occurs, the endothelial cells of the capillaries contract leaving gaps that _____ can escape into the tissue
proteins
Escape of some formed elements in the blood into tissue is called _____
exudates
Exudate has a specific gravity of ____ or higher, transudates have a specific gravity of _____
1.02, 1.012
During a workout, ____ (just liquid, not proteins, etc) leave the blood and go into tissue slightly swelling them making you look ripped.
transudates
Formed elements always flow at the ____ of the vessel. This reduces ____ on vessel walls. This is called _____ blood flow
center, friction, laminar(axial)
_____ are normally on the periphery of the formed elements
Platelets and RBC’s
_____ is when damage leads to interruption of the axial blood flow because the RBC’s start to clump together and migrate towards the center
Margination
WBC’s are in the periphery closest to the endothelial cells, when there is damage, the endothelial cells become ____ (have receptors for WBC’s) and adhere to the leukocytes and the endothelial cell surface, this is called _____
sticky, pavementing
Leukocyte emigration takes place only in the _____, the leukocytes are attached to the receptors and crawl like caterpillars to a gap between endothelial cells, it squeezes itself out of the gap usually taking _____ minutes
post capillary venules, 10
Inflammation depends on the character of the _____
exudate
____ inflammation is the mildest
Serous
fluid - 2nd degree burn- 1st day in common cold
Only _____ escapes into the tissue in serous inflammation. Examples (2)
____ inflammation will have fibrin in the exudates. Example:
Fibrinous, Rheumatic Pericarditis
Fibrin is a normal protein in the ____
blood
_____ is when there is exudate in the pericardial space
Pericarditis
In Pericarditis, the exudate has lots of fibrinogen which get changed to fibrin strands that attach to the pericardium, which is _____ and causes _____
irreversible, bruits
_____ inflammation is an acute type of exudate inflammation where WBC’s in the exudate produce enzymes which causes _____ of the tissues which results in pus formation
Suppurative(purulent), liquefaction
_____ is diffuse suppurative inflammation(widespread)
Cellulitis
Localized suppurative inflammation is a(n) _____ that develops when an agent of injury cannot be quickly neutralized.
abscess
____ should always be removed from an abscess
fluid
_____ accumulate at the site of damage in high concentration. When inflammation occurs, the amount of ____ increases, this dilutes the concentration of the toxins in the damaged area
Toxins, fluid
____ creates mechanical pressure of ______, which creates pain
Swelling, nocioceptors
Also, substances arising from the injury stimulate the pain through ____
chemoreceptors
Inflammation promotes _____
phagocytosis
_____ is the passive escape of RBC’s from the vessels at the area of damage
Diapedesis
Neutophils attack ____ infection, Eosinophils attack ____ infection
bacterial, parasitic,
Monocytes attack ____ infection, lymphocytes attack ____ infection,
bacterial, viral
____ is an outpouring of large amounts of WBC from the blood
Leukocyte emigratiom
Cells that participate in Leukocyte emigration (2)
neutrophilsmonocytes/macrophages
There are 7-8 times more _____ that are released than _____
neutrophils, monocytes
The maximum amount of ___ is 24 hours after the injury, then the steadily decrease in number. ___ keep increasing in numbers as time goes on
neutrophils, Monocytes
Without _____, people have no immune response
macrophages
____ transfer antigen to immuno-competent cells
Macrophages
A _____ is a tumor or growth accompanied by macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells that are trying to contain the cancerous bodies, they are trying to contain it because they are unable to destroy it.
granuloma
WBC that are granulated (3)
NeutrophilsEosinophilsBasophils
Neutrophils make up _____ %
55-60%
Lymphocytes make up _____ %
20-25%
Monocytes make up _____ %
4-8%
Eosinophils make up _____ %
2-4%
Basophils make up _____ %
0.5-1%
____ arrive first at the site of inflammation, ____ arrive second
Neutrophils, Monocytes
____ arrive first at the site of inflammation, ____ arrive second
Neutrophils, Monocytes
Stages of phagocytosis (4)
Recognition and attachmentengulfingindigestionexocytosis
Recognition and attachment, the attraction of phagocyte to inflammation is by ____
chemotaxis
Engulfing uses _____ and the formation of _____
pseudopods, vesicles
____ is an antibody like substance in neutrophils
Defensins
Enzymes are oxygen _____
independent
Anions produce _____ and are found in the _____ of phagocytic cells
free radicals, granules
Hydrogen peroxide kill bacteria by releasing _____ and mechanically by _____
oxygen, bubbling
