Third Line of Defense and Nature or Antigens Flashcards
Cellular Components
o T Lymphocyte
o B Lymphocytes
o Plasma cells
Humoral Components
Antibodies
Cytokines
Humoral-Mediated
Immunity Mechanism
Antibody mediated
Cell-Mediated
Immunity Mechanism
Cell mediated
Humoral-Mediated
Immunity Cell Types
B lymphocytes
Cell-Mediated
Immunity Cell Types
T lymphocytes
Humoral-Mediated
Immunity Mode of Action
Antibodies in serum
Cell-Mediated
Immunity Mode of Action
Direct cell-to-cell contact or soluble products secreted (such as cytokines) by cells
Humoral-Mediated
Immunity Purpose
Primary defense against bacterial infection
Cell-Mediated
Immunity Purpose
Defense against viral and fungal infections, intracellular organisms
(parasites- malaria, babesia), tumor
antigens, and graft rejection.
Have barriers, phagocytes, dendritic cells, plasma cells (complement), and NK cells
Innate
these are the lymphocytes that did not yet encounter an antigen
Naive B and T cells-
Upon encountering an antigen, they will
bind to the antigen and they will form antibodies
Naive B cell
Once they will
encounter an antigen, they will become an effector T
cell.
Naive T cell
o will produce antibodies and recognize via membranebound antibodies.
o It can also recognize different chemical structures of different antibodies (proteins, lipids or
polysaccharides)
o Will depend on the type of antigen that is being encountered
B cells
The _____________ when stimulated by antigens, will
become plasma cells and then they will secrete large
number of antibodies after response.
The Naive B cells when stimulated by antigens, will
become plasma cells and then they will secrete large
number of antibodies after response.
________________ will remember the particular antigen, upon exposure, the response now will be faster
Memory B cells will remember the particular antigen, upon exposure, the response now will be faster
they can only recognize peptide fragments that are presented by APCs (Antigen
Presenting Cell
T cells
will present the antigen to the T cells) via molecules known as MHC (_________________________) that is present on the
surface of the APC
APCs (Antigen
Presenting Cell
MHC (Major
Histocompatibility Complex)
Upon presentation of the APC on a specific antigen that found on the MHC, the Naive T cell will become
stimulated and will be able to proliferate into two subsets:??
CD4 (T Helper cell)
CD8 (Cytotoxic T Cell)
secrete soluble molecules which will help the B cells to produce antibodies and activate macrophages
CD4 (T Helper cell)
secrete soluble mediators that will play an important
role in killing virus, infection, and tumor cells.
CD8 (Cytotoxic T Cell)
After response, __________________ will also persist remember the particular antigen. Same concept with regard to the _______________ when it comes to viruses and upon re-exposure again to the particular virus. It will remember it ______ and the reaction of the immune system will also become ______. Thus, the elimination of the antigen is ______.
CD8 (Cytotoxic T Cell)
After response, T memory cells will also persist remember the particular antigen. Same concept with regard to the memory B cells when it comes to viruses and upon re-exposure again to the particular virus. It will remember it faster and the reaction of the immune system will also become faster. Thus, the elimination of the antigen is faster.
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Host: responsible for
producing the immune
response/ antibodies
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Nonself: immunity is
derived from
another source’s Abs
and are passively
transferred to the
host
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Immunizing
agent: Ag (antigen)
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Immunizing
agent: Ig (immunoglobulin), anti-sera
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Relative length of immunity:
Longer/ Lifelong
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Relative length of immunity:
Transient/ Temporary
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Effectiveness: Less effective for newborns (very sensitive and vulnerable), Effective in adults
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Effectiveness: More effective for newborns, Less effective in adults
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Function: More prophylactic
(instant protection)
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Function: More therapeutic or prophylactic
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Undesirable effect:
Natural active: experience infection
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Undesirable effect: Artificial passive: serum sickness
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Advantage: Long term immunity
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Advantage: Immediate reaction and protection
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Disadvantage: Slow because Ag is detected then Ab is
produced
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY or PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Disadvantage: Short term immunity
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
FACTORS INFLUENCING IMMUNOGENICITY
Foreignness
Size
Chemical Composition and Complexity
Route Dosage and Timing
Adjuvants
_____________
* The more different the composition, the ______ the response
* The more taxonomically distant the source of immunogen is from the host, the ______ it is as a stimulus or the _______ our immune system will be
FOREIGNNESS
* The more different the composition, the greater the response
* The more taxonomically distant the source of immunogen is from the host, the better it is as a stimulus or the greater our immune system will be.
_____________- Derived from the same individual
_____________- Derived from the same specie
_______________- Derived from different species (gives increased response) and most foreign
Autoantigen- Derived from the same individual
Alloantigen- Derived from the same specie
Heteroantigen- Derived from different species (gives increased response) and most foreign
___________________- Ag found in unrelated plants and animals, cross react with Ab of another
Heterophile antigen- Ag found in unrelated plants and animals, cross react with Ab of another
_____
* Potent Ag- should have a MW: _________ D
* Good immunogen: _________: _________ D
* Excellent immunogen: ____________: ________ daltons
SIZE
* Potent Ag- should have a MW: >10,000 D
* Good immunogen: Albumin: 40,000 D
* Excellent immunogen: Hemocyanin: 1M daltons
More complex the antigen is, the _____ immune response will happen
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND COMPLEXITY
More complex the antigen is, the more immune response will happen
Most immunogenic
Protein- made up of amino acids that are stacked up and twisted making it complex
2nd Most Immunogenic
Polysaccharide
Non-immunogenic: ______ and _______________
Non-immunogenic: Lipids and nucleic acids
___________ and _______________ are effective- used also in the concept of treatment because it is much better
ROUTE DOSAGE AND TIMING
Intravenous and intraperitoneal are effective- used also in the concept of treatment because it is much better
____________ are stronger stimulus than subcutaneous or intramascular
Intradermal are stronger stimulus than subcutaneous or intramascular
________the dose, the less response: _______ the does, the more response
Smaller the dose, the less response: higher the does, the more response
Substance added to vaccine and less immunologic molecules to increase the immune response
Adjuvants
Examples of Adjuvants
o ______________________- Water in oil emulsion of Mycobacterium/ Bordatella pertussis/ MTB
o _______________________- Stimulate B cells
o ______________- Stimulate Phagocytosis
o ____________- From shark oil, for HIV Vaccine
Examples of Adjuvants
o Complete Freund’s Adjuvant- Water in oil emulsion of Mycobacterium/ Bordatella pertussis/ MTB
o Lipopolysaccharides- Stimulate B cells
o Alum adjuvant- Stimulate Phagocytosis
o Squalene- From shark oil, for HIV Vaccine
