Third Exam Flashcards
What is catabolism?
Degregation, releases energy
What is anabolism?
Biosynthesis, uses energy
What is activation energy?
Minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur
What is an active site?
where specific substrates may bind to for a reaction to take place
What do coenzymes do?
helps mediate bond between enzyme and substrate
What are constitutive enzymes?
Always produced in equal amounts
What are inducible enzymes?
production is induced or repressed in response to substrate concentration
What is competitive inhibition?
inhibitor molecules partially fit an active site and blocks it
What is allosteric inhibition?
inhibitor molecules bind to a regulatory site on the enzyme
What is the difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions?
Where is the majority of energy stored in ATP?
The terminal (third) phosphate
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Reaction where a phosphate is directly transferred from a substrate to ADP or GDP to create ATP and GTP
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
The process of harnessing the energy of oxygen reduction to manufacture ATP
What is photophosphorylation?
The manufacturing of ATP through using sunlight by activating PS2
What are activated carriers?
temporary shuttles that carry energy (hydrogen molecules) to prevent loss of energy
What are the products of each activated carrier?
NAD –> NADH
FAD –> FADH2
NADP –> NADPH
What is autotrophic?
Make their own sugars from inorganic carbon
What is heterotrophic?
Need an external source of organic carbon
Where is glycogen stored?
Liver
Where are lipids stored?
Adipocytes
What is the respiratory pathway?
Glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?
mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes
Where does the electron transport chain take place?
Inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes
What is hexokinase?
Converts glucose to G6P during glycolysis
What is PFK1?
Produces fructose 1, 6 bi phosphate during glycolysis
What is pyruvate kinase?
Converts phospoenol pyruvate to pyruvate during glycolysis
What is pyruvate dehydrogenase?
Converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA during Kreb’s
What is citrate synthase?
Produces citrate from acetyl CoA and OOA during Kreb’s
When in the Kreb’s cycle is ATP produced?
When Succinyl CoA is broken down into Succinate
How many times do activated carriers take hydrogens in the Krebs cycle?
Five times
What is NADH dehydrogenase?
Removes electron from NADH
What is coenzyme Q?
ETC, receives electrons from NADH dehydrogenase and FMN
What is FMN?
Removes electron from the activated carrier FADH2
What is Cytochrome C oxidase?
Part of ETC, reduces molecular oxygen at the end of the respiratory chain
What does ATP synthase do?
fuels ATP synthesis via the transport of H+ ions
How much ATP does ETC produce?
34
What is chemiosmosis?
What is proton motive force?
What does pyruvate do without oxygen?
Ferment into either lactate or ethanol
What is gluconegenesis?
Synthesizes glucose from pyruvate
What is chlorophyll?
What are thylakoids?
Mitochondrial membrane like structures that function similarly in plant cells
What is the stoma?
Where carbohydrate synthesis in cells occurs
What are the stages of photosynthesis?
Light Reaction
Calvin Cycle
What is photophosophorylation?
the conversion of ADP to ATP using the energy of sunlight by activation of PSII
What is PS2?
Splits water and strips electrons from the hydrogens, producing hydrogens ions and oxygen
What is PS1?
Adds electrons to NADP as the final electron carrier
What is RuBisCO?
The enzyme responsible for the production of G3P
What is G3P?
End product of Calvin Cycle, the precursor of all organic compounds
What does a fast reaction rate mean?
Uses proteins already in cells
What does a slow reaction rate mean?
Involve changes in gene expression and production of new proteins
What is GCPR?
mediate most cellular responses to hormones and neurotransmitters
What is ion-channel coupled?
Has receptors that activate an ion channel
What is G-Protein-coupled?
receives signals and Binds GTP and breaks it down to GDP
What is Enzyme coupled?
Receive signals which activate their enzymatic function
What does adding a phosphate tend to do?
Activate an enzyme
What are RTKs?
mediating cell-to-cell communication
What are the five signaling pathways?
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Neuronal
Contact
What is the endocrine pathway?
Public, throughout the blood stream
What is the paracrine pathway?
Local mediators, not in blood
What is the autocrine pathway?
Self-signaling
What is the neuronal pathway?
Neurotransmitters and action potentials that make “phone calls”
What is the contact dependent pathway?
Cells have to be touching for signaling to occur
What are two examples of the endocrine pathway?
Insulin
Cortisol
What are two examples of the paracrine pathway?
Histamines
Nitric Oxide
What are two examples of the neuronal pathway?
Nerve cells
Acetylcholine
What is an example of the autocrine pathway?
T cells and the cytokine IL-2
What are two examples of the contact dependent pathway?
Drosophila cell specialization
Natural Killer cells
