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Cell Physiology > Third Exam > Flashcards

Third Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Degregation, releases energy

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Biosynthesis, uses energy

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3
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur

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4
Q

What is an active site?

A

where specific substrates may bind to for a reaction to take place

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5
Q

What do coenzymes do?

A

helps mediate bond between enzyme and substrate

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6
Q

What are constitutive enzymes?

A

Always produced in equal amounts

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7
Q

What are inducible enzymes?

A

production is induced or repressed in response to substrate concentration

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8
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

inhibitor molecules partially fit an active site and blocks it

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9
Q

What is allosteric inhibition?

A

inhibitor molecules bind to a regulatory site on the enzyme

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10
Q

What is the difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions?

A
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11
Q

Where is the majority of energy stored in ATP?

A

The terminal (third) phosphate

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12
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Reaction where a phosphate is directly transferred from a substrate to ADP or GDP to create ATP and GTP

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13
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The process of harnessing the energy of oxygen reduction to manufacture ATP

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14
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

The manufacturing of ATP through using sunlight by activating PS2

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15
Q

What are activated carriers?

A

temporary shuttles that carry energy (hydrogen molecules) to prevent loss of energy

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16
Q

What are the products of each activated carrier?

A

NAD –> NADH
FAD –> FADH2
NADP –> NADPH

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17
Q

What is autotrophic?

A

Make their own sugars from inorganic carbon

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18
Q

What is heterotrophic?

A

Need an external source of organic carbon

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19
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Liver

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20
Q

Where are lipids stored?

A

Adipocytes

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21
Q

What is the respiratory pathway?

A

Glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

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22
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

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23
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes

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24
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes

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25
Q

What is hexokinase?

A

Converts glucose to G6P during glycolysis

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26
Q

What is PFK1?

A

Produces fructose 1, 6 bi phosphate during glycolysis

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27
Q

What is pyruvate kinase?

A

Converts phospoenol pyruvate to pyruvate during glycolysis

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28
Q

What is pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

Converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA during Kreb’s

29
Q

What is citrate synthase?

A

Produces citrate from acetyl CoA and OOA during Kreb’s

30
Q

When in the Kreb’s cycle is ATP produced?

A

When Succinyl CoA is broken down into Succinate

31
Q

How many times do activated carriers take hydrogens in the Krebs cycle?

A

Five times

32
Q

What is NADH dehydrogenase?

A

Removes electron from NADH

33
Q

What is coenzyme Q?

A

ETC, receives electrons from NADH dehydrogenase and FMN

34
Q

What is FMN?

A

Removes electron from the activated carrier FADH2

35
Q

What is Cytochrome C oxidase?

A

Part of ETC, reduces molecular oxygen at the end of the respiratory chain

36
Q

What does ATP synthase do?

A

fuels ATP synthesis via the transport of H+ ions

37
Q

How much ATP does ETC produce?

A

34

38
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A
39
Q

What is proton motive force?

A
40
Q

What does pyruvate do without oxygen?

A

Ferment into either lactate or ethanol

41
Q

What is gluconegenesis?

A

Synthesizes glucose from pyruvate

42
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A
43
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Mitochondrial membrane like structures that function similarly in plant cells

44
Q

What is the stoma?

A

Where carbohydrate synthesis in cells occurs

45
Q

What are the stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light Reaction
Calvin Cycle

46
Q

What is photophosophorylation?

A

the conversion of ADP to ATP using the energy of sunlight by activation of PSII

47
Q

What is PS2?

A

Splits water and strips electrons from the hydrogens, producing hydrogens ions and oxygen

48
Q

What is PS1?

A

Adds electrons to NADP as the final electron carrier

49
Q

What is RuBisCO?

A

The enzyme responsible for the production of G3P

50
Q

What is G3P?

A

End product of Calvin Cycle, the precursor of all organic compounds

51
Q

What does a fast reaction rate mean?

A

Uses proteins already in cells

52
Q

What does a slow reaction rate mean?

A

Involve changes in gene expression and production of new proteins

53
Q

What is GCPR?

A

mediate most cellular responses to hormones and neurotransmitters

54
Q

What is ion-channel coupled?

A

Has receptors that activate an ion channel

55
Q

What is G-Protein-coupled?

A

receives signals and Binds GTP and breaks it down to GDP

56
Q

What is Enzyme coupled?

A

Receive signals which activate their enzymatic function

57
Q

What does adding a phosphate tend to do?

A

Activate an enzyme

58
Q

What are RTKs?

A

mediating cell-to-cell communication

59
Q

What are the five signaling pathways?

A

Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Neuronal
Contact

60
Q

What is the endocrine pathway?

A

Public, throughout the blood stream

61
Q

What is the paracrine pathway?

A

Local mediators, not in blood

62
Q

What is the autocrine pathway?

A

Self-signaling

63
Q

What is the neuronal pathway?

A

Neurotransmitters and action potentials that make “phone calls”

64
Q

What is the contact dependent pathway?

A

Cells have to be touching for signaling to occur

65
Q

What are two examples of the endocrine pathway?

A

Insulin
Cortisol

66
Q

What are two examples of the paracrine pathway?

A

Histamines
Nitric Oxide

67
Q

What are two examples of the neuronal pathway?

A

Nerve cells
Acetylcholine

68
Q

What is an example of the autocrine pathway?

A

T cells and the cytokine IL-2

69
Q

What are two examples of the contact dependent pathway?

A

Drosophila cell specialization
Natural Killer cells

Cell Physiology (5 decks)

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