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Cell Physiology > Second Exam > Flashcards

Second Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What do lipids do in cells?

A

Used as secondary energy sources
Major component of membranes

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2
Q

Why are lipids used for energy?

A

High energy to weight ratio
Harder to metabolize

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3
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Storage lipids like fats and oils that consist of a glycerol bound to three fatty acids

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4
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic head

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5
Q

What are the two forms of fatty acids?

A

Saturated and Unsaturated

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6
Q

What are ester bonds?

A

The bond between the hydroxyl of a glycerol and the carboxyl of a fatty acid

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7
Q

What form do saturated fatty acids take?

A

Solid

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8
Q

What form do unsaturated fatty acids take?

A

Oils, liquid

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9
Q

What are phospolipids?

A

Glycerol ester bonded to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group which is bound to a variable hydrophilic molecule

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10
Q

What is the cystol?

A

Aqueous part of the cytoplasm of the cell

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11
Q

What is the lumen?

A

Extracellular space

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12
Q

How does hydrocarbon tail length effect fluidity?

A

The shorter the tail, the greater the fluidity

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13
Q

How does unsaturation effect fluidity?

A

Unsaturated means more fluidity

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14
Q

What do sterols in membranes do to fluidity?

A

Decrease it

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15
Q

How does temp effect fluidity?

A

Fluidity increases with temp

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16
Q

Where are new phospholipids made?

A

Cystolic side of smooth ER membrane

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17
Q

What are scramblase enzymes?

A

Randomly moves phospholipids to even out the membrane

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18
Q

What does flippase and floppase do?

A

Move specific phospholipids to different sides of the layer

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19
Q

What are the membrane proteins?

A

Transporters
Anchors
Enzymes
Channels
Receptors

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20
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

Tightly associated with membranes, some embedded, sometimes transmembrane, and commonly are alpha and beta folded

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21
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Loosely associated with membrane, may be linked to other substances

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22
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Lipid tails attached to a sugar head, the head is exposed to the cell exterior

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23
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Proteins attached to long chains of repeating sugars

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24
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Proteins attached to short, highly branched sugar chains

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25
Q

What is glycocalyix?

A

Sugar coating of plasma membrane, promotes biofilm formation

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26
Q

What is a cell cortex?

A

specialized layer of cytoplasmic proteins on the inner face of the cell membrane

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27
Q

What is spectrin?

A

Protein that lines the intracellular side of the plasma membrane

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28
Q

What can cell cortex abnormalities result in?

A

Anemia

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29
Q

What can move through semi-permeable cell membranes?

A

Small nonpolar molecules and some uncharged polar molecules

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30
Q

What can not move through semi-permeable cell membranes?

A

Charged molecules and ions

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31
Q

What is passive transport?

A

No energy, movement goes with the gradient

32
Q

What is active transport?

A

Needs energy, goes against the gradient

33
Q

What factors affect passive transport?

A

Chemical gradient
Membrane potential
Electrochemical gradient

34
Q

What is the chemical gradient?

A

the difference in molecule concentrations across a cell membrane

35
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane

36
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient?

A

measure of the free energy available to carry out transporting the molecule across the membrane

37
Q

What are ways a cell tries to reach equilibrium?

A

Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion

38
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Equal concentrations

39
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

high solute inside cell, high water outside cell

40
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

high solute outside cell, high water inside cell

41
Q

What is osmolysis?

A

rupture of a cell membrane due to excessive water intake

42
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

Shriveling of a cell due to loss of water

43
Q

How to protozoans regulate equilibrium

A

They discharge contractile vacuoles of water

44
Q

What is a uniporter?

A

Facilitates the diffusion of a single substance

45
Q

What is a symporter?

A

proteins that simultaneously transport two molecules across a membrane in the same direction

46
Q

What is a antiporter?

A

protein that transports two molecules at the same time in the opposite direction

47
Q

What are the different Transport Ion Channel Gates?

A

Voltage Gated
Ligand Gated
Mechanically Gated

48
Q

What is a voltage gated channel?

A

Channel stimulated by membrane potentials

49
Q

What is a ligand gated channel?

A

Channel stimulated by ligand binding

50
Q

What is a mechanically gated channel?

A

Channel stimulated by mechanical force or stress

51
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

Voltage across a membrane when cell is at rest

52
Q

What is action membrane potential?

A

Change in membrane voltage that opens ion channels and allows ions to flow across the membrane

53
Q

What are the facilitated diffusion transports?

A

Carriers
Channels

54
Q

What do carrier transports do?

A

bind the specific solute to be transported and undergo a series of conformational changes to transfer the bound solute across the membrane

55
Q

What do channel transports do?

A

acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly

56
Q

What are examples of Primary Active Transport?

A

ATP driven pumps
Light driven pumps
Bulk Transport

57
Q

What is Secondary Active Transport?

A

Uses energy from ion movement going with the gradient to power the transport of ions against the gradient

58
Q

What are examples of bulk transport?

A

Endocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis
Exocytosis

59
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Bringing substances into the cell using vesicles

60
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

“cell eating”

61
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

“cell drinking”

62
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Releasing substances using a vesicle

63
Q

What is clathrin?

A

Proteins involved in shaping vesicles and engulfments

64
Q

What are adaptins?

A

Molecules that secure the clathrin coat to the membrane and hold cargo receptors that bind to target molecules

65
Q

What is dynamin?

A

Molecules that pinch off the cell membrane into a vesicle

66
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Vesicles full of digestive enzymes

67
Q

What terminus are signal sequences found on?

A

N-terminus

68
Q

How are improperly folded proteins disposed of?

A

They are retained in the ER by chaperone proteins and degraded

69
Q

What do vesicles shed to allow for membrane interaction?

A

Clathrin coat

70
Q

What are the transmembrane proteins?

A

SNAREs
Rab proteins
Tethering proteins

71
Q

Where do condensing vesicles go?

A

They remain in the cell

72
Q

Where do secretory vesicles go?

A

They are exocytosed

73
Q

What are the secretory pathways?

A

Constitutive
Regulated

74
Q

What is the constitutive secretory pathway?

A

Unregulated exocytosis

75
Q

What is the regulated secretory pathway?

A

Holds vesicles at the cell membrane then releases them all at once, such as the release of insulin

76
Q

What is a nuclear localization signal?

A

The mark on proteins that are selected for nucleus import

77
Q

How is a nuclear localization signal recognized?

A

cytosolic nuclear transport receptors that are attached to nuclear pore fibrils

Cell Physiology (5 decks)

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