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Cell Physiology > First Exam > Flashcards

First Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA transcribes to RNA translates to Protein

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2
Q

What are the 4 Macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

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3
Q

Who built the first light microscope and coined the term cell?

A

Robert Hooke

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4
Q

Silent Point Mutation

A

A single nucleotide is changed but has no affect on the amino acid

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5
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Matrix within the nucleus where DNA replication and mRNA/tRNA synthesis takes place

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6
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A continuous network of ribosome-studded sacs involved in the synthesis of proteins

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7
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Closed tubular network without ribosomes; site of lipid synthesis

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein Synthesis
Found in all cells

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9
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies, stores, and packages proteins and lipids and sends them to their destinations

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10
Q

Missense Point Mutation

A

Nucleotide change leads to an amino acid substitution

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11
Q

Nonsense Point Mutation

A

Nucleotide changes at a STOP amino acid and changes it to another amino acid

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12
Q

What are non-polar covalent bonds?

A

Equal electron sharing bonds

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13
Q

What are polar covalent bonds?

A

Unequal electron sharing bonds

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14
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Electrons transferred to created charged ions

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15
Q

What is ionization?

A

When ionic bonds are broken and the charged ions seperate

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16
Q

What is polymerization?

A

Monomers join to form polymers

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17
Q

What bonds link together monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic Bonds

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18
Q

What two compounds make up hydrogen backbones?

A

Ketone
Aldehyde

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19
Q

What are the three major monosaccharide isomers?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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20
Q

What do proteins bond with in their primary structure?

A

Peptide bonds

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21
Q

What bonds do proteins use in second structures?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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22
Q

What bonds do proteins use for tertiary structures?

A

Disulfide Bonds and Hydrophobic forces

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23
Q

What helps make protein folding more efficient?

A

Chaperone Proteins

24
Q

How are different protein domains held together?

A

With the help of Intrinsically Disordered Regions of proteins

25
Q

What does a ligand receive?

A

A matching protein

26
Q

How do proteins unfold?

A

Denaturation via heat or chemicals

27
Q

In what direction is DNA read and replicated?

A

From 5 prime to 3 prime

28
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA has one less oxygen

29
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate
Pentose Sugar (DNA or RNA)
Nitrogenous Base

30
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine
Guanine

31
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil

32
Q

What nucleotide bond is stronger?

A

C to G, it has three bonds

33
Q

How is the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA/RNA connected?

A

Through phosphodiester bonds that connect the sugars of one group to the phosphates of another

34
Q

What are histones?

A

Proteins that DNA wraps around to form nucleosomes, which are “beads on a string” that come together to form chromatin fibers

35
Q

What is the difference between eukaryote genome and prokaryote genome?

A

Prokaryote only have one circular DNA molecule with no histones, Eukaryotes have many with histones

36
Q

Where is the origin of replication more likely to take place?

A

At A-T bonds because they tend to be weaker

37
Q

How does DNA polymerase start replication?

A

By binding to an RNA primer set by RNA primase

38
Q

What is Topoisomerase?

A

An enzyme that makes small breaks in DNA to relieve torsion stress

39
Q

What does a lagging strand go and what does it leave?

A

Away from replication fork
Okazaki fragments

40
Q

What direction does the leading strand go?

A

Towards the replication fork

41
Q

What does RNase H do?

A

It dissolves RNA primers

42
Q

What initiates transcriptions at promoter sites?

A

TBP (TATA Binding Protein)

43
Q

Which DNA strand is used in transcription?

A

The template strand

44
Q

What does RNA Polymerase 1 do?

A

produces rRNA to form ribosomes at the site of protein synthesis

45
Q

What does RNA Polymerase 2 do?

A

Produce mRNA, to instruct the ribosomes on amino acid sequence

46
Q

What does RNA Polymerase 3 do?

A

Delivers the correct amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

47
Q

What are the three factors in mRNA modification?

A

Polyadenylation Factor
Splicing Factor
Capping Factor

48
Q

What is the process of mRNA modification?

A

Cap is placed on the leading 5 prime, PolyA chain is added to trailing 3 prime, non-coding regions are spliced out

49
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Ribosomes, where mRNA reading is done

50
Q

What are the translation sites?

A

A (tRNA Attachment) Site
P (Amino acid is added) Site
E (tRNA exits) Site

51
Q

What is depurination?

A

Purines lose base

52
Q

What is a thymine dimer?

A

Thymines bond together and clump after UV damage

53
Q

What is Deamination?

A

Amino acid is lost

54
Q

What are exons?

A

Coding regions to be kept

55
Q

What are introns?

A

Noncoding regions that are spliced

56
Q

Where does translation vs transcription take place?

A

Translation = Cytoplasm
Transcription = Nucleus

Cell Physiology (5 decks)

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