First Exam Flashcards
Central Dogma
DNA transcribes to RNA translates to Protein
What are the 4 Macromolecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Who built the first light microscope and coined the term cell?
Robert Hooke
Silent Point Mutation
A single nucleotide is changed but has no affect on the amino acid
Nucleoplasm
Matrix within the nucleus where DNA replication and mRNA/tRNA synthesis takes place
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A continuous network of ribosome-studded sacs involved in the synthesis of proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Closed tubular network without ribosomes; site of lipid synthesis
Ribosomes
Protein Synthesis
Found in all cells
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, stores, and packages proteins and lipids and sends them to their destinations
Missense Point Mutation
Nucleotide change leads to an amino acid substitution
Nonsense Point Mutation
Nucleotide changes at a STOP amino acid and changes it to another amino acid
What are non-polar covalent bonds?
Equal electron sharing bonds
What are polar covalent bonds?
Unequal electron sharing bonds
What are ionic bonds?
Electrons transferred to created charged ions
What is ionization?
When ionic bonds are broken and the charged ions seperate
What is polymerization?
Monomers join to form polymers
What bonds link together monosaccharides?
Glycosidic Bonds
What two compounds make up hydrogen backbones?
Ketone
Aldehyde
What are the three major monosaccharide isomers?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What do proteins bond with in their primary structure?
Peptide bonds
What bonds do proteins use in second structures?
Hydrogen Bonds
What bonds do proteins use for tertiary structures?
Disulfide Bonds and Hydrophobic forces
What helps make protein folding more efficient?
Chaperone Proteins
How are different protein domains held together?
With the help of Intrinsically Disordered Regions of proteins
What does a ligand receive?
A matching protein
How do proteins unfold?
Denaturation via heat or chemicals
In what direction is DNA read and replicated?
From 5 prime to 3 prime
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA has one less oxygen
What makes up a nucleotide?
Phosphate
Pentose Sugar (DNA or RNA)
Nitrogenous Base
What are the purines?
Adenine
Guanine
What are the pyrimidines?
Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil
What nucleotide bond is stronger?
C to G, it has three bonds
How is the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA/RNA connected?
Through phosphodiester bonds that connect the sugars of one group to the phosphates of another
What are histones?
Proteins that DNA wraps around to form nucleosomes, which are “beads on a string” that come together to form chromatin fibers
What is the difference between eukaryote genome and prokaryote genome?
Prokaryote only have one circular DNA molecule with no histones, Eukaryotes have many with histones
Where is the origin of replication more likely to take place?
At A-T bonds because they tend to be weaker
How does DNA polymerase start replication?
By binding to an RNA primer set by RNA primase
What is Topoisomerase?
An enzyme that makes small breaks in DNA to relieve torsion stress
What does a lagging strand go and what does it leave?
Away from replication fork
Okazaki fragments
What direction does the leading strand go?
Towards the replication fork
What does RNase H do?
It dissolves RNA primers
What initiates transcriptions at promoter sites?
TBP (TATA Binding Protein)
Which DNA strand is used in transcription?
The template strand
What does RNA Polymerase 1 do?
produces rRNA to form ribosomes at the site of protein synthesis
What does RNA Polymerase 2 do?
Produce mRNA, to instruct the ribosomes on amino acid sequence
What does RNA Polymerase 3 do?
Delivers the correct amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
What are the three factors in mRNA modification?
Polyadenylation Factor
Splicing Factor
Capping Factor
What is the process of mRNA modification?
Cap is placed on the leading 5 prime, PolyA chain is added to trailing 3 prime, non-coding regions are spliced out
Where does translation occur?
Ribosomes, where mRNA reading is done
What are the translation sites?
A (tRNA Attachment) Site
P (Amino acid is added) Site
E (tRNA exits) Site
What is depurination?
Purines lose base
What is a thymine dimer?
Thymines bond together and clump after UV damage
What is Deamination?
Amino acid is lost
What are exons?
Coding regions to be kept
What are introns?
Noncoding regions that are spliced
Where does translation vs transcription take place?
Translation = Cytoplasm
Transcription = Nucleus
