First Exam

Question 1

Central Dogma

Answer 1

DNA transcribes to RNA translates to Protein

Question 2

What are the 4 Macromolecules?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

Question 3

Who built the first light microscope and coined the term cell?

Answer 3

Robert Hooke

Question 4

Silent Point Mutation

Answer 4

A single nucleotide is changed but has no affect on the amino acid

Question 5

Nucleoplasm

Answer 5

Matrix within the nucleus where DNA replication and mRNA/tRNA synthesis takes place

Question 6

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 6

A continuous network of ribosome-studded sacs involved in the synthesis of proteins

Question 7

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 7

Closed tubular network without ribosomes; site of lipid synthesis

Question 8

Ribosomes

Answer 8

Protein Synthesis
Found in all cells

Question 9

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 9

Modifies, stores, and packages proteins and lipids and sends them to their destinations

Question 10

Missense Point Mutation

Answer 10

Nucleotide change leads to an amino acid substitution

Question 11

Nonsense Point Mutation

Answer 11

Nucleotide changes at a STOP amino acid and changes it to another amino acid

Question 12

What are non-polar covalent bonds?

Answer 12

Equal electron sharing bonds

Question 13

What are polar covalent bonds?

Answer 13

Unequal electron sharing bonds

Question 14

What are ionic bonds?

Answer 14

Electrons transferred to created charged ions

Question 15

What is ionization?

Answer 15

When ionic bonds are broken and the charged ions seperate

Question 16

What is polymerization?

Answer 16

Monomers join to form polymers

Question 17

What bonds link together monosaccharides?

Answer 17

Glycosidic Bonds

Question 18

What two compounds make up hydrogen backbones?

Answer 18

Ketone
Aldehyde

Question 19

What are the three major monosaccharide isomers?

Answer 19

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

Question 20

What do proteins bond with in their primary structure?

Answer 20

Peptide bonds

Question 21

What bonds do proteins use in second structures?

Answer 21

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 22

What bonds do proteins use for tertiary structures?

Answer 22

Disulfide Bonds and Hydrophobic forces

Question 23

What helps make protein folding more efficient?

Answer 23

Chaperone Proteins

Question 24

How are different protein domains held together?

Answer 24

With the help of Intrinsically Disordered Regions of proteins

Question 25

What does a ligand receive?

Answer 25

A matching protein

Question 26

How do proteins unfold?

Answer 26

Denaturation via heat or chemicals

Question 27

In what direction is DNA read and replicated?

Answer 27

From 5 prime to 3 prime

Question 28

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 28

DNA has one less oxygen

Question 29

What makes up a nucleotide?

Answer 29

Phosphate Pentose Sugar (DNA or RNA) Nitrogenous Base

Question 30

What are the purines?

Answer 30

Adenine Guanine

Question 31

What are the pyrimidines?

Answer 31

Thymine Cytosine Uracil

Question 32

What nucleotide bond is stronger?

Answer 32

C to G, it has three bonds

Question 33

How is the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA/RNA connected?

Answer 33

Through phosphodiester bonds that connect the sugars of one group to the phosphates of another

Question 34

What are histones?

Answer 34

Proteins that DNA wraps around to form nucleosomes, which are "beads on a string" that come together to form chromatin fibers

Question 35

What is the difference between eukaryote genome and prokaryote genome?

Answer 35

Prokaryote only have one circular DNA molecule with no histones, Eukaryotes have many with histones

Question 36

Where is the origin of replication more likely to take place?

Answer 36

At A-T bonds because they tend to be weaker

Question 37

How does DNA polymerase start replication?

Answer 37

By binding to an RNA primer set by RNA primase

Question 38

What is Topoisomerase?

Answer 38

An enzyme that makes small breaks in DNA to relieve torsion stress

Question 39

What does a lagging strand go and what does it leave?

Answer 39

Away from replication fork Okazaki fragments

Question 40

What direction does the leading strand go?

Answer 40

Towards the replication fork

Question 41

What does RNase H do?

Answer 41

It dissolves RNA primers

Question 42

What initiates transcriptions at promoter sites?

Answer 42

TBP (TATA Binding Protein)

Question 43

Which DNA strand is used in transcription?

Answer 43

The template strand

Question 44

What does RNA Polymerase 1 do?

Answer 44

produces rRNA to form ribosomes at the site of protein synthesis

Question 45

What does RNA Polymerase 2 do?

Answer 45

Produce mRNA, to instruct the ribosomes on amino acid sequence

Question 46

What does RNA Polymerase 3 do?

Answer 46

Delivers the correct amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

Question 47

What are the three factors in mRNA modification?

Answer 47

Polyadenylation Factor Splicing Factor Capping Factor

Question 48

What is the process of mRNA modification?

Answer 48

Cap is placed on the leading 5 prime, PolyA chain is added to trailing 3 prime, non-coding regions are spliced out

Question 49

Where does translation occur?

Answer 49

Ribosomes, where mRNA reading is done

Question 50

What are the translation sites?

Answer 50

A (tRNA Attachment) Site P (Amino acid is added) Site E (tRNA exits) Site

Question 51

What is depurination?

Answer 51

Purines lose base

Question 52

What is a thymine dimer?

Answer 52

Thymines bond together and clump after UV damage

Question 53

What is Deamination?

Answer 53

Amino acid is lost

Question 54

What are exons?

Answer 54

Coding regions to be kept

Question 55

What are introns?

Answer 55

Noncoding regions that are spliced

Question 56

Where does translation vs transcription take place?

Answer 56

Translation = Cytoplasm Transcription = Nucleus