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Test 3 - Psych 100 > Thinking & Language (Chapter 8) > Flashcards

Thinking & Language (Chapter 8) Flashcards

1
Q

Label for approaches that sought to explain observable behavior by investigating mental processes and structures that cannot be observed

A

Cognitive Psychology

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2
Q

The way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, & knowing

A

Cognition

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3
Q

Process of manipulating information mentally, by forming concepts solving problems, making decisions, reasoning, and thinking critically and creatively.

A

Thinking

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4
Q

Mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics

A

Concepts

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5
Q

The mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available (Why and how we think)

A

Problem solving

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6
Q

Intermediate goals or intermediate problems that put us in a better position for reaching the final goal or solution

A

Subgoaling
Ex: Checklist

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7
Q

Strategies - Including formulas, instructions, & testing of all possible solutions - that guarantee a solution to a problem

A

Algorithms
Ex: Recipe

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8
Q

Shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer

A

Heuristics

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9
Q

Using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh, new perspective

A

Becoming fixated

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10
Q

Type of fixation in which individuals fail to solve a problem as a result of a fixation on a thing’s usual functions

A

Functional Fixedness
Ex: Using a shoe to hammer a nail

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11
Q

The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions

A

Reasoning

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12
Q

Reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations

A

Inductive Reasoning

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13
Q

Reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance

A

Deductive reasoning

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14
Q

The mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them

A

Decision making
Ex: Weighing both sides

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15
Q

The tendency to strongly prefer to avoid losses compared to acquiring gains

A

Loss Aversion
Ex: Scratch off ticket

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16
Q

The tendency to search for and use information that supports one’s ideas rather than refutes them

A

Confirmation Bias
Ex: Align yourself with someone who shares the same views as you

17
Q

A prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events

A

Availability Heuristic
Ex: More dangerous to fly than ride in a car

18
Q

The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information

A

Base Rate Neglect
Ex: Listen to one; ignore other information

19
Q

The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearance or math between a person and one stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information

A

Representative Heuristic
Ex: Bias (Expecting mechanic to be a male)

20
Q

Superior Problem Solving, evaluating evidence, questioning assumptions, keeping an open mind

A

Critical thinking

21
Q

Being alert and mentally prepared for everyday activities

A

Mindfulness

22
Q

Being receptive to other ways of looking at things

A

Open-mindedness

23
Q

The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and devise unconventional solutions to problems

A

Creative Thinking

24
Q

Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem, is characteristic of creativity.

A

Divergent Thinking
Ex: Brainstorming

25
Q

Thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem, characteristic of a type of thinking required on traditional intelligence tests

A

Convergent Thinking
Ex: IQ Test

26
Q

Form of communication, wether spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols

A

Language

27
Q

A language’s sound system

A

Phonology

28
Q

Basic Sounds (sp, ba, th)

A

Phonemes

29
Q

A languages rules for word formation

A

Morphology

30
Q

Smallest unit of language that carries meaning (Help/er)

A

Morpheme

31
Q

A language’s rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences

A

Syntax

32
Q

Meaning of words and sentences in a particular vocabulary

A

Semantics

33
Q

The useful character of language and the ability to communicate even more meaning is verbalized

A

Pragmantics

34
Q

First Word: What age?

A

1 Year

35
Q

The use of short and precise words to communicate

A

Telegraphic Speech (18-24 months)

36
Q

Humans are biologically wired to learn a language at a certain time and in a certain way (Noam Chomsky)

A

Language Universals

37
Q

Language processing mainly occurs in…

A

Left-Hemisphere

38
Q

The fixed time period in which certain experiences can have a lasting effect on the development

A

Critical Period

Test 3 - Psych 100 (3 decks)

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