Learning (Chapter 6) Flashcards

1
Q

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

A

Learning

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2
Q

Theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping

A

Behaviorism

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3
Q

Learning that occurs when a person observes & imitates another’s behavior

A

Observational Learning

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4
Q

Learning that occurs when one make’s a connection between two events

A

Associative Learning

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5
Q

Learn the association between 2 stimuli; as a result of this association, learn to anticipate events
EX: Lightning –> Thunder

A

Classical Conditioning

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6
Q

Learn an association between a behavior and a consequence; reward or punishment.

A

Operant Conditioning

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7
Q

Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another’s behavior

A

Observational Learning

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8
Q

Belief that much of behavior is goal-directed

A

Purposive Behavior

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9
Q

Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

A

Latent Learning

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10
Q

Form of problem-solving in which one develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution

A

Insight Learning

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11
Q

Learning by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
Ex: Pavlov’s dogs

A

Classical Conditioning

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12
Q

The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimulus are paired.
EX: Timing - bell and food

A

Aqcuisition

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13
Q

Tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
EX: fear of bees –> fear of all bugs

A

Generalization

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14
Q

Process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others
EX: Learn not to fear all bugs

A

Discrimination

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15
Q

The weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
EX: Fear of bees diminishes when not stung

A

Extinction

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16
Q

Conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further conditioning

A

Spontaneous Recovery

17
Q

Changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response

A

Counterconditioning

18
Q

Learned association between a particular taste and nausea

A

Taste Aversion

19
Q

Form of associative learning in which the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior’s occurrence.

A

Operant Conditioning

20
Q

Type of conditioning developed by B. F. Skinner

A

Operant Conditioning

21
Q

Power of consequences in voluntary behavior

A

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

22
Q

The process of rewarding approximations of desired behavior

23
Q

The process by which rewarding stimulus or events following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again

A

Reinforcement

24
Q

The Presentation of a stimulus (reward) following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of the behavior
EX: Money, candy, attention

A

Positive Reinforcement

25
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of the behavior. EX: Changing a diaper, No homework
Negative reinforcement
26
Involves the use of reinforcers that are innately satisfying; no learning is required on one's part to make them pleasurable EX: Food, water, sex
Primary reinforcement
27
Involves the use of reinforcers that are learned or conditioned through experiences; a reinforcer that acquired its positive value through experience. Ex: Priveleges and money
Secondary reinforcement
28
Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced
Schedules of reinforcement (fixed or variable)
29
Learning to avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response. Ex: Electric fence
Avoidance Learning
30
Learning through experience with negative stimuli that one has no control over negative outcomes. Ex: remain in a violent relationship
Learned helplessness
31
Consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur
Punishment
32
The presentation of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior Ex: Spanking, more chores
Positive Punishment
33
Removal of a positive stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. Ex: Taking away phone, timeout
Negative Punishment
34
Application of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
Applied Behavior Analysis
35
The stimulus that produces a response without prior learning
Unconditioned Stimulus
36
Unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the UCS
Unconditioned response
37
A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
38
The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the CS-UCS pairing
Conditioned Response