Learning (Chapter 6) Flashcards

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1
Q

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

A

Learning

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2
Q

Theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping

A

Behaviorism

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3
Q

Learning that occurs when a person observes & imitates another’s behavior

A

Observational Learning

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4
Q

Learning that occurs when one make’s a connection between two events

A

Associative Learning

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5
Q

Learn the association between 2 stimuli; as a result of this association, learn to anticipate events
EX: Lightning –> Thunder

A

Classical Conditioning

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6
Q

Learn an association between a behavior and a consequence; reward or punishment.

A

Operant Conditioning

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7
Q

Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another’s behavior

A

Observational Learning

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8
Q

Belief that much of behavior is goal-directed

A

Purposive Behavior

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9
Q

Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

A

Latent Learning

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10
Q

Form of problem-solving in which one develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution

A

Insight Learning

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11
Q

Learning by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
Ex: Pavlov’s dogs

A

Classical Conditioning

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12
Q

The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimulus are paired.
EX: Timing - bell and food

A

Aqcuisition

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13
Q

Tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
EX: fear of bees –> fear of all bugs

A

Generalization

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14
Q

Process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others
EX: Learn not to fear all bugs

A

Discrimination

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15
Q

The weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
EX: Fear of bees diminishes when not stung

A

Extinction

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16
Q

Conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further conditioning

A

Spontaneous Recovery

17
Q

Changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response

A

Counterconditioning

18
Q

Learned association between a particular taste and nausea

A

Taste Aversion

19
Q

Form of associative learning in which the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior’s occurrence.

A

Operant Conditioning

20
Q

Type of conditioning developed by B. F. Skinner

A

Operant Conditioning

21
Q

Power of consequences in voluntary behavior

A

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

22
Q

The process of rewarding approximations of desired behavior

A

Shaping

23
Q

The process by which rewarding stimulus or events following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again

A

Reinforcement

24
Q

The Presentation of a stimulus (reward) following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of the behavior
EX: Money, candy, attention

A

Positive Reinforcement

25
Q

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of the behavior.
EX: Changing a diaper, No homework

A

Negative reinforcement

26
Q

Involves the use of reinforcers that are innately satisfying; no learning is required on one’s part to make them pleasurable
EX: Food, water, sex

A

Primary reinforcement

27
Q

Involves the use of reinforcers that are learned or conditioned through experiences; a reinforcer that acquired its positive value through experience.
Ex: Priveleges and money

A

Secondary reinforcement

28
Q

Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

A

Schedules of reinforcement (fixed or variable)

29
Q

Learning to avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response.
Ex: Electric fence

A

Avoidance Learning

30
Q

Learning through experience with negative stimuli that one has no control over negative outcomes.
Ex: remain in a violent relationship

A

Learned helplessness

31
Q

Consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur

A

Punishment

32
Q

The presentation of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior
Ex: Spanking, more chores

A

Positive Punishment

33
Q

Removal of a positive stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
Ex: Taking away phone, timeout

A

Negative Punishment

34
Q

Application of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

A

Applied Behavior Analysis

35
Q

The stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

36
Q

Unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the UCS

A

Unconditioned response

37
Q

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned Stimulus

38
Q

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the CS-UCS pairing

A

Conditioned Response