Learning (Chapter 6)

Question 1

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

Theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping

Answer 2

Behaviorism

Question 3

Learning that occurs when a person observes & imitates another’s behavior

Answer 3

Observational Learning

Question 4

Learning that occurs when one make’s a connection between two events

Answer 4

Associative Learning

Question 5

Learn the association between 2 stimuli; as a result of this association, learn to anticipate events
EX: Lightning –> Thunder

Answer 5

Classical Conditioning

Question 6

Learn an association between a behavior and a consequence; reward or punishment.

Answer 6

Operant Conditioning

Question 7

Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another’s behavior

Answer 7

Observational Learning

Question 8

Belief that much of behavior is goal-directed

Answer 8

Purposive Behavior

Question 9

Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

Answer 9

Latent Learning

Question 10

Form of problem-solving in which one develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution

Answer 10

Insight Learning

Question 11

Learning by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
Ex: Pavlov’s dogs

Answer 11

Classical Conditioning

Question 12

The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimulus are paired.
EX: Timing - bell and food

Answer 12

Aqcuisition

Question 13

Tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
EX: fear of bees –> fear of all bugs

Answer 13

Generalization

Question 14

Process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others
EX: Learn not to fear all bugs

Answer 14

Discrimination

Question 15

The weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
EX: Fear of bees diminishes when not stung

Answer 15

Extinction

Question 16

Conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further conditioning

Answer 16

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 17

Changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response

Answer 17

Counterconditioning

Question 18

Learned association between a particular taste and nausea

Answer 18

Taste Aversion

Question 19

Form of associative learning in which the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior’s occurrence.

Answer 19

Operant Conditioning

Question 20

Type of conditioning developed by B. F. Skinner

Answer 20

Operant Conditioning

Question 21

Power of consequences in voluntary behavior

Answer 21

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Question 22

The process of rewarding approximations of desired behavior

Answer 22

Shaping

Question 23

The process by which rewarding stimulus or events following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again

Answer 23

Reinforcement

Question 24

The Presentation of a stimulus (reward) following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of the behavior
EX: Money, candy, attention

Answer 24

Positive Reinforcement

Question 25

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of the behavior.
EX: Changing a diaper, No homework

Answer 25

Negative reinforcement

Question 26

Involves the use of reinforcers that are innately satisfying; no learning is required on one’s part to make them pleasurable
EX: Food, water, sex

Answer 26

Primary reinforcement

Question 27

Involves the use of reinforcers that are learned or conditioned through experiences; a reinforcer that acquired its positive value through experience.
Ex: Priveleges and money

Answer 27

Secondary reinforcement

Question 28

Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

Answer 28

Schedules of reinforcement (fixed or variable)

Question 29

Learning to avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response.
Ex: Electric fence

Answer 29

Avoidance Learning

Question 30

Learning through experience with negative stimuli that one has no control over negative outcomes.
Ex: remain in a violent relationship

Answer 30

Learned helplessness

Question 31

Consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur

Answer 31

Punishment

Question 32

The presentation of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior
Ex: Spanking, more chores

Answer 32

Positive Punishment

Question 33

Removal of a positive stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
Ex: Taking away phone, timeout

Answer 33

Negative Punishment

Question 34

Application of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

Answer 34

Applied Behavior Analysis

Question 35

The stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

Answer 35

Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 36

Unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the UCS

Answer 36

Unconditioned response

Question 37

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 37

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 38

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the CS-UCS pairing

Answer 38

Conditioned Response