Memory (Chapter 7) Flashcards
The retention of information or experience over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Memory
The process by which information gets into memory storage (1st step)
Encoding
A continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory.
Levels of processing
How one attends to information
Attention
Focusing on specific aspects while ignoring others
Selective Attention
Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
Divided attention
The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time
Sustained attention
Extensiveness of processing; formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory.
Elaboration
Mental Picture (most powerful ways to make memory distinctive)
Imagery
Memory is stored in one of two ways
Dual Code Hypothesis
Verbal code or Image code
Photographic memory
Eidetic memory
Ways in which information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory
Storage
Memory storage involved 3 separate systems
Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory:
1) Sensory Memory
2) Short-Term Memory
3) Long-Term Memory
Holds info from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, or other senses.
Sensory memory
Auditory sensory memory
Echoic Memory
Visual sensory memory
Iconic memory
Limited capacity memory system in which info is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless strats are used to retain it longer
Short-Term memory
The number of digits one can report back in order after a single presentation
Memory span
(7+/-2)(5-9)
Involves grouping or packing information that exceeds the 7 +/- 2 memory span into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units.
Chunking
The conscious repetition of information
Rehearsal
Relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time
Long-Term Memory
Remember who-what-when-where-why
-Facts, episodes (Trauma)
Explicit Memory
Remember how
-Physical, and behavioral
Implicit memory
Conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts, events, and information that can be verbally communicated
Explicit memory
Where, what and when of life’s happenings
-Autobiographical memory
Episodic
One’s knowledge of the world
Semantic
Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without that experience being consciously recollected
Implicit memory
Memory for skill
Procedural Memory
Activation of information that one already has in storage to help remember new information better and faster
Priming
Preexisting mental concept or framework that helps one to organize and interpret information
Schema
Theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several which may work together to process a single memory (parallel distribution processing)
Connectionism
The memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage
Memory retrieval
Tendency to recall items at the beginning and at the end of a list more readily than those in the middle
Serial position effect
Better recall for items at the beginning
Primacy effect
Better recall for items at the end
Recency effect
A memory task in which one has to retrieve previously learned information
-Essay question
Recall
Memory task in which one only has to identify learned items
-Multiple choice question
Recognition
Recalling information in the same context it was learned
Context-dependent Specificity
A form of episodic memory, is a person’s recollections of his or her life experiences
Autobiographical memory
Effect that adults remember more events from the 2nd and 3rd decades of their life more than any other decades
Reminiscence bump
Memories of emotionally significant events that people recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events
Flashbulb memories
Occurs when people forget something because it is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering is intolerable
Motivated forgetting
Occurs when information was never entered into long-term memory
Encoding failure
Inability to retrieve information from memory (info has been encoded)
Retrieval failure
People forget not because memories are actually lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember
Interference theory
When something new is learned, a neurochemical memory trace is formed, but over time this trace tends to disintegrate
Decay Theory
A memory disorder that involves memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events
Retrograde amnesia
A memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events
Anterograde amnesia
