Memory (Chapter 7)

Question 1

The retention of information or experience over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

The process by which information gets into memory storage (1st step)

Answer 2

Encoding

Question 3

A continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory.

Answer 3

Levels of processing

Question 4

How one attends to information

Answer 4

Attention

Question 5

Focusing on specific aspects while ignoring others

Answer 5

Selective Attention

Question 6

Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

Answer 6

Divided attention

Question 7

The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time

Answer 7

Sustained attention

Question 8

Extensiveness of processing; formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory.

Answer 8

Elaboration

Question 9

Mental Picture (most powerful ways to make memory distinctive)

Answer 9

Imagery

Question 10

Memory is stored in one of two ways

Answer 10

Dual Code Hypothesis
Verbal code or Image code

Question 11

Photographic memory

Answer 11

Eidetic memory

Question 12

Ways in which information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory

Answer 12

Storage

Question 13

Memory storage involved 3 separate systems

Answer 13

Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory:
1) Sensory Memory
2) Short-Term Memory
3) Long-Term Memory

Question 14

Holds info from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, or other senses.

Answer 14

Sensory memory

Question 15

Auditory sensory memory

Answer 15

Echoic Memory

Question 16

Visual sensory memory

Answer 16

Iconic memory

Question 17

Limited capacity memory system in which info is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless strats are used to retain it longer

Answer 17

Short-Term memory

Question 18

The number of digits one can report back in order after a single presentation

Answer 18

Memory span
(7+/-2)(5-9)

Question 19

Involves grouping or packing information that exceeds the 7 +/- 2 memory span into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units.

Answer 19

Chunking

Question 20

The conscious repetition of information

Answer 20

Rehearsal

Question 21

Relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time

Answer 21

Long-Term Memory

Question 22

Remember who-what-when-where-why
-Facts, episodes (Trauma)

Answer 22

Explicit Memory

Question 23

Remember how
-Physical, and behavioral

Answer 23

Implicit memory

Question 24

Conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts, events, and information that can be verbally communicated

Answer 24

Explicit memory

Question 25

Where, what and when of life’s happenings
-Autobiographical memory

Answer 25

Episodic

Question 26

One’s knowledge of the world

Answer 26

Semantic

Question 27

Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without that experience being consciously recollected

Answer 27

Implicit memory

Question 28

Memory for skill

Answer 28

Procedural Memory

Question 29

Activation of information that one already has in storage to help remember new information better and faster

Answer 29

Priming

Question 30

Preexisting mental concept or framework that helps one to organize and interpret information

Answer 30

Schema

Question 31

Theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several which may work together to process a single memory (parallel distribution processing)

Answer 31

Connectionism

Question 32

The memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage

Answer 32

Memory retrieval

Question 33

Tendency to recall items at the beginning and at the end of a list more readily than those in the middle

Answer 33

Serial position effect

Question 34

Better recall for items at the beginning

Answer 34

Primacy effect

Question 35

Better recall for items at the end

Answer 35

Recency effect

Question 36

A memory task in which one has to retrieve previously learned information
-Essay question

Answer 36

Recall

Question 37

Memory task in which one only has to identify learned items
-Multiple choice question

Answer 37

Recognition

Question 38

Recalling information in the same context it was learned

Answer 38

Context-dependent Specificity

Question 39

A form of episodic memory, is a person’s recollections of his or her life experiences

Answer 39

Autobiographical memory

Question 40

Effect that adults remember more events from the 2nd and 3rd decades of their life more than any other decades

Answer 40

Reminiscence bump

Question 41

Memories of emotionally significant events that people recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events

Answer 41

Flashbulb memories

Question 42

Occurs when people forget something because it is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering is intolerable

Answer 42

Motivated forgetting

Question 43

Occurs when information was never entered into long-term memory

Answer 43

Encoding failure

Question 44

Inability to retrieve information from memory (info has been encoded)

Answer 44

Retrieval failure

Question 45

People forget not because memories are actually lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember

Answer 45

Interference theory

Question 46

When something new is learned, a neurochemical memory trace is formed, but over time this trace tends to disintegrate

Answer 46

Decay Theory

Question 47

A memory disorder that involves memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events

Answer 47

Retrograde amnesia

Question 48

A memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events

Answer 48

Anterograde amnesia