Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

concept mental

Answer 1

how you organize something in your mind

grouping (schemas)

Question 2

prototypes

Answer 2

images

Question 3

algorithm

Answer 3

rule that guarantees the right solution to a problem

like a formula in math

Question 4

heuristics

Answer 4

rule of thumb
can be used to make a judgement to solve a problem.
MENTAL SHORTCUT

Question 5

representativeness heuristic

Answer 5

judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to the prototypes the person holds in their mind
ex: picking # in lottery: 123456789 vs. 542839652

Question 6

availability heuristic

Answer 6

solve problems based on things that “pop into mind” based on recency, vividness, or distinctiveness

Question 7

Howard Gardner

Answer 7

believed in 7 different types of intelligences. 
1. linguistic
2. logical/mathematical
3. spacial (artists: how things should be arranged)
4. musical
5. body/kinesthetic (athletes)
6. intrapersonal (self)
7. interpersonal (social)
now 8. naturalist (outdoors)

Question 8

Robert Sternberg

Answer 8

Triarchic Theory (most widely accepted today)

1. analytical (book smart)
2. creative
3. practical (hands-on skills, street-smart)

THINKING CAP

Question 9

Goleman

Answer 9

EQ [emotional intelligence]
ability to analyze emotions, both yours and others, in decision making

EQ is a better predictor for future success than IQ

Question 10

Higher performing brains

Answer 10

less active

neurological speed quicker

Question 11

mental age

Answer 11

what should a person of a particular age know

can discover future performance based on mental age

Question 12

Terman

Answer 12

created current IQ test called Stanford-Binet Test

Question 13

problems with IQ

Answer 13

a 60 year old could have an IQ of 50

best used for children

Question 14

flynn effect

Answer 14

intelligence has been increasing

Question 15

standardized

Answer 15

questions have been piloted on similar populations scores fall on a normal distribution (bell curve)

Question 16

reliable

Answer 16

test-retest

split halves methods

Question 17

validity

Answer 17

content, predictive or construct

no history questions on chemistry test

Question 18

aptitude

Answer 18

measure ability or potential (ACT or SAT)

Question 19

achievement

Answer 19

tests that measure what you have learned (AP test)

Question 20

language

Answer 20

spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 21

phonemes

Answer 21

smallest distinctive sound unit in language
english has 40
c/a/t 3 phonemes
ch/a/t 3 phonemes

Question 22

morphemes

Answer 22

smallest unit that carries meaning
ex: pre, ed
[pre/view/ed] 4 morphemes

Question 23

grammar

Answer 23

rules for language that enable us to communicate w/ and understand others

Question 24

semantics

Answer 24

rules used to derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences
(adding -ed and the end of word means it happened in the past)

Question 25

syntax

Answer 25

rules for ordering words into sentences

adjectives before nouns

Question 26

one word stage

Answer 26

around age 1

speak single word

Question 27

two word stage

Answer 27

around age 2

speaking mostly 2 word sentences

Question 28

telegraphic speech

Answer 28

speaking like a telegram

ex: give cookie, go outside

Question 29

critical period

Answer 29

language develpment stats very early, so the longer a child goes without exposure to language, the harder it is to learn
7 years old

Question 30

forms of communitcation

Answer 30

facial expression
body language
gestures