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Sensation & Perception Flashcards

1
Q

top-down processing

A

we perceive by filling in the gaps in what we sense

I ant ch_co_late ic cre_am

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2
Q

bottom-up processing

A

use the features of the object itself to build a perception

A /-\

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3
Q

absolute threshold

A

smallest amount of stimulus that we can detect about 50% of the time
in complete darkness, we can see candle flame from 30 miles away

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4
Q

subliminal

A

below threshold

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5
Q

signal detectionn theory

A

absolute thresholds are not really absolute, can change based on motivation or physical state

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6
Q

false positive

A

you think something happened (your name was said, your phone went off) but it actually didn’t

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7
Q

false negative

A

something happens that you should detect, but it doesnt’t

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8
Q

difference threshold

A

noticeable difference, difference between 2 stimuli that we can detect 50% of the time (wall color)

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9
Q

Webers law

A

to notice a difference, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant proportion, not a constant amount

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10
Q

sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

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11
Q

transduction

A

changing one form of energy to another

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12
Q

vision

A

most dominating sense

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13
Q

PHASE ONE (vision)

A

gathering light

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14
Q

optic chiasm

A

optic nerves cross

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15
Q

PHASE FOUR (vision)

A

goes to visual cortex located in occipital lobe of cerebral cortex

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16
Q

PHASE TWO (vision)

A

get light into eye

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17
Q

PHASE THREE (vision)

A

changes energy form one form to another. takes waves and turns them into an electrical signal

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18
Q

trichromatic theory (vision)

A

3 types of cones (red, blue, green)

millions of color combos

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19
Q

opponent-process theory (vision)

A

sensory receptors come in pairs (red/green, yellow/blue, black/white)

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20
Q

figure ground relationship

A

first perceptual decision is what image is the figure and what is the background

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21
Q

gestalt

A

whole

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22
Q

gestalt psychology

A

how we group objects together

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23
Q

proximity

A

things close together belong together

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24
Q

similarity

A

things similar in appearance and associated in the same group

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25
continuity
objects that form a continuous form are perceived as being in the same group
26
closer
top-downm processing, fill in the gaps
27
constancy
objects change in our eyes constantly as we or they move
28
perceived motion
flip book effect
29
autokinetic effect
if you stare at a white spotlight in dark room, it appears to move
30
depth cues
depth perception (if you are able to crawl)
31
monocular cues
only need one eye to use these (used in art classes to show depth) - linear perspective - interposition - relative size - texture gradient - shadowing
32
binocular cues
need both eyes to use these cues - retinal disparity - convergence
33
perceptual set
a mental disposition
34
classical conditioning
``` dogs would salivate before given food. passive learning (automatic, don't have to think about it) ```
35
US/UCS
unconditional stimulus | something that elicits a natural, reflexive response
36
UR/UCR
unconditional response | response to unconditional stimulus
37
NS/CS
neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus | something that elicits no response originally, then has an effect
38
acquisition
body begins to link together neutral stimulus with unconditional stimulus
39
spontaneous recovery
sometimes after extinction, the CR still randomly appears after the CS is presented
40
generalization
something is so similar to the CS that you get a CR | if you are afraid of one breed of dog, you become afraid of all dogs
41
discrimination
something so different to the CS so you do not get a CR
42
CS
conditioned response | responce to US
43
operant conditioning
learner is NOT passive | learning based on consequence
44
Edward Thorndike
law of effect | behavior followed by a reward will increase
45
B. F. Skinner
king of operant conditioning | used a skinner box to prove his concepts
46
reinforcement
anything that follows a behavior, MAKING THE BEHAVIOR MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR, strengthens the behavior
47
positive reinforcement
+ addition of something pleasant giving baby bottle (baby crying, give baby bottle, baby stops crying)
48
negative reinforcement
- removal of something unpleasant stopping crying (baby crying, give baby bottle, baby stops crying)
49
punishment
anything that follows a behavior and makes it less likely to happen in the future
50
positive punishment
adding something unpleasant | getting spanked, getting a ticket
51
negative punishment
removal of something pleasant | (late for curfew=car keys taken away
52
PUNISHMENT IS.....
NOT NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
53
shaping
reinforcing succession | reward for going on correct side of cage, then area, then lever, then pushing down lever
54
chaining
subjects taught a number of responses in order to receive a reward
55
primary reinforcer
things that are in themselves rewarding | kissing
56
secondary reinforcer
things we have learned to value applause, money money is a special secondary reinforcer bc it can be traded for anything
57
token economy
every time a desired behavior is performed , a token is given potty training
58
continuous reinforcement
reinforced the behavior every time the behavior is exhibited | extinction comes quickly
59
partial reinforcement
reinforce behavior only some of the times it is exhibited
60
fixed ratio
provides a reinforcement after a SET number of responses
61
variable ratio
provides reinforcment after a RANDOM number of responses | ex: gambling
62
interval schedules
amount of time passed before reinforcement | ex: paycheck
63
observation learning
we learn from modeling behavior from others
64
mirror neurons
they fire when you do something or when someone else does something
65
Edward Toleman
latent learning | rat maze experiment- when there was an award at the end, the rats were faster
66
intrinsic motivation
the desire to perform some behavior for its own sake | personally rewarding
67
extrinsic motivation
performing behaviors for external reward or to avoid punishment go to school so parents won't get mad
68
insight learning
learning through the "ah-ha" experience

Psychology (6 decks)

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