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Psychology > Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

top-down processing

A

we perceive by filling in the gaps in what we sense

I ant ch_co_late ic cre_am

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2
Q

bottom-up processing

A

use the features of the object itself to build a perception

A /-\

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3
Q

absolute threshold

A

smallest amount of stimulus that we can detect about 50% of the time
in complete darkness, we can see candle flame from 30 miles away

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4
Q

subliminal

A

below threshold

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5
Q

signal detectionn theory

A

absolute thresholds are not really absolute, can change based on motivation or physical state

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6
Q

false positive

A

you think something happened (your name was said, your phone went off) but it actually didn’t

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7
Q

false negative

A

something happens that you should detect, but it doesnt’t

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8
Q

difference threshold

A

noticeable difference, difference between 2 stimuli that we can detect 50% of the time (wall color)

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9
Q

Webers law

A

to notice a difference, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant proportion, not a constant amount

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10
Q

sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

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11
Q

transduction

A

changing one form of energy to another

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12
Q

vision

A

most dominating sense

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13
Q

PHASE ONE (vision)

A

gathering light

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14
Q

optic chiasm

A

optic nerves cross

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15
Q

PHASE FOUR (vision)

A

goes to visual cortex located in occipital lobe of cerebral cortex

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16
Q

PHASE TWO (vision)

A

get light into eye

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17
Q

PHASE THREE (vision)

A

changes energy form one form to another. takes waves and turns them into an electrical signal

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18
Q

trichromatic theory (vision)

A

3 types of cones (red, blue, green)

millions of color combos

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19
Q

opponent-process theory (vision)

A

sensory receptors come in pairs (red/green, yellow/blue, black/white)

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20
Q

figure ground relationship

A

first perceptual decision is what image is the figure and what is the background

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21
Q

gestalt

A

whole

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22
Q

gestalt psychology

A

how we group objects together

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23
Q

proximity

A

things close together belong together

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24
Q

similarity

A

things similar in appearance and associated in the same group

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25
Q

continuity

A

objects that form a continuous form are perceived as being in the same group

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26
Q

closer

A

top-downm processing, fill in the gaps

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27
Q

constancy

A

objects change in our eyes constantly as we or they move

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28
Q

perceived motion

A

flip book effect

29
Q

autokinetic effect

A

if you stare at a white spotlight in dark room, it appears to move

30
Q

depth cues

A

depth perception (if you are able to crawl)

31
Q

monocular cues

A

only need one eye to use these (used in art classes to show depth)

  • linear perspective
  • interposition
  • relative size
  • texture gradient
  • shadowing
32
Q

binocular cues

A

need both eyes to use these cues

  • retinal disparity
  • convergence
33
Q

perceptual set

A

a mental disposition

34
Q

classical conditioning

A 
dogs would salivate before given food. 
passive learning (automatic, don't have to think about it)
35
Q

US/UCS

A

unconditional stimulus

something that elicits a natural, reflexive response

36
Q

UR/UCR

A

unconditional response

response to unconditional stimulus

37
Q

NS/CS

A

neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus

something that elicits no response originally, then has an effect

38
Q

acquisition

A

body begins to link together neutral stimulus with unconditional stimulus

39
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

sometimes after extinction, the CR still randomly appears after the CS is presented

40
Q

generalization

A

something is so similar to the CS that you get a CR

if you are afraid of one breed of dog, you become afraid of all dogs

41
Q

discrimination

A

something so different to the CS so you do not get a CR

42
Q

CS

A

conditioned response

responce to US

43
Q

operant conditioning

A

learner is NOT passive

learning based on consequence

44
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

law of effect

behavior followed by a reward will increase

45
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

king of operant conditioning

used a skinner box to prove his concepts

46
Q

reinforcement

A

anything that follows a behavior, MAKING THE BEHAVIOR MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR, strengthens the behavior

47
Q

positive reinforcement

A

+
addition of something pleasant
giving baby bottle
(baby crying, give baby bottle, baby stops crying)

48
Q

negative reinforcement

A

-
removal of something unpleasant
stopping crying
(baby crying, give baby bottle, baby stops crying)

49
Q

punishment

A

anything that follows a behavior and makes it less likely to happen in the future

50
Q

positive punishment

A

adding something unpleasant

getting spanked, getting a ticket

51
Q

negative punishment

A

removal of something pleasant

(late for curfew=car keys taken away

52
Q

PUNISHMENT IS…..

A

NOT NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

53
Q

shaping

A

reinforcing succession

reward for going on correct side of cage, then area, then lever, then pushing down lever

54
Q

chaining

A

subjects taught a number of responses in order to receive a reward

55
Q

primary reinforcer

A

things that are in themselves rewarding

kissing

56
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

things we have learned to value
applause, money
money is a special secondary reinforcer bc it can be traded for anything

57
Q

token economy

A

every time a desired behavior is performed , a token is given
potty training

58
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforced the behavior every time the behavior is exhibited

extinction comes quickly

59
Q

partial reinforcement

A

reinforce behavior only some of the times it is exhibited

60
Q

fixed ratio

A

provides a reinforcement after a SET number of responses

61
Q

variable ratio

A

provides reinforcment after a RANDOM number of responses

ex: gambling

62
Q

interval schedules

A

amount of time passed before reinforcement

ex: paycheck

63
Q

observation learning

A

we learn from modeling behavior from others

64
Q

mirror neurons

A

they fire when you do something or when someone else does something

65
Q

Edward Toleman

A

latent learning

rat maze experiment- when there was an award at the end, the rats were faster

66
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

the desire to perform some behavior for its own sake

personally rewarding

67
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

performing behaviors for external reward or to avoid punishment
go to school so parents won’t get mad

68
Q

insight learning

A

learning through the “ah-ha” experience

Psychology (6 decks)

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