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Psych Exam 2 > Thinking & Intelligence > Flashcards

Thinking & Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

What’s happening in the brain

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2
Q

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

Do we need language to think?.. not always

  • perceptions and thoughts are shaped by the language we speak.. not accurate
  • Language does influence thoughts and memories and how we perceive BUT does not limit our perceptions Ex) bump vs. crash
  • Store memories using language or connection to a word
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3
Q

Schemas

A

Categories of knowledge

  • influence how we think
  • decision making
  • stereotypes: inaccurate info, ex) nerds
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4
Q

Prototypes

A
  • best example of a category

- Ex: may compare all other dog to your own dog

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5
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

General to specific conclusion

  • Ex) all standard cars have 4 wheels, Maria’s car is a standard, Maria’s car has 4 wheels
  • Errors occur when we follow logic + result in invalid conclusions
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6
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Specific (individual cases/facts) to general conclusion

  • Ex) cards with diff # of symbols
  • each trial (right or wrong answers) helps you to reach a conclusion
  • General conclusion= to win you want to choose the cards with 3 objects
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7
Q

Algorithms

A
  • procedures/formulas/steps used to solve a problem

- may take time and doesn’t work for everything: not effective, too many steps

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8
Q

Heuristics

A

“Rule of thumb”

-shortcuts used to quickly solve a problem

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9
Q

Trial-and-error

A
  • trying new solutions until you find out what works
  • adults become afraid of this method/afraid of failing
  • especially used by kids
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10
Q

Insight

A
  • sudden awareness
  • realize similar to past experience or “perceptual reorganization”
  • made connection the brain has not made before
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11
Q

Availability Heuristics

A
  • Bias
  • easier to bring to mind
  • believe it is more common
  • Ex) being more afraid of dying in a shark attack vs. everyday activities that kill more people statistically/realistically
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12
Q

Representative Heuristics

A
  • Bias
  • After we create categories, make assumptions that they are the same
  • Comparing new info to prototypes
  • think 2 events can be the same but no events are the same
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13
Q

Errors in Problem Solving + Decision Making

A

Mental Set
-tendency to use strategies we are familiar with, but not always easiest or best strategy
-more likely to think about things in 1 way vs. thinking outside the box
-self-imposed limitations
-functional fixedness: see things as having only 1 function
Bias
-confirmation: look for things to confirm the rule, don’t look for the opposite
-hindsight: after learning about an event we believe that the event could have been predicted
Ex) blaming victim “you should have known better”

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14
Q

What is Intelligence

A
  • ability to solve problems and learn complex material effectively
  • ability to adapt to the environment, “street smart”
  • mental quickness: not always true
  • Tests: solving problems, learning and understanding complex material, IQ tests
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15
Q

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

A
  • originally computed by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100
  • new method uses normal distribution (Avg is set at 100 for each age group)
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16
Q

Binet and Simon (1905)

A
  • developed intelligence test for the French Gov.
  • wanted test to identify children who needed extra help in the classroom
  • used “normal” children from multiple age groups, compared avg scores to other children
  • lower mental age than chronological age meant slow learners
  • later adapted = Stanford-Binet Scale (older people appeared less intelligent break test into different age groups)
17
Q

David Wechsler

A

-developed scales in 1939, later revised
-used more frequently today
-took into account mental maturity
-used in schools to pinpoint learning problems
-Types:
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)

18
Q

Cattell’s Types of Intelligence

A
  • crystallized intelligence: knowledge we have acquired from past learning
  • fluid intelligence: ability to think, reason, and solve problems
19
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

A
  • Analytical: write, math, understand
  • Practical: use experience and knowledge to handle new tasks (common sense)
  • Creative: determine, analyze, monitor (not limited to art)
20
Q

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence

A

Could have combination of the following forms of intelligence:

  • linguistic, verbal
  • logical-mathematics
  • spatial, manipulate mental images and relationship in space
  • bodily-kinesthetics, movement and coordination
  • musical
  • naturalistic, observe and recognize changes
  • interpersonal, understand others
  • intrapersonal, understand self
21
Q

Smart Genes, Smart Environment

A
  • Twin studies prove environ: more genes in common results in higher correlation. Regular siblings are less correlated than fraternal twins (same genes but diff time period/environment)
  • Adoption studies prove genetics: adopted child IQ better correlated with biological mother’s IQ, identical twins raised apart have higher correlation than other siblings raised apart
  • Environment: Socioeconomic status, poor nutrition, poor brain development. Parents education can impact child’s development and the child’s IQ
22
Q

Race-Ethnicity Intelligence

A
  • Environment
  • Test bias: measures culture more than intelligence, tests geared toward middle-class white ppl
  • Environmental diff: socioeconomic status, family size.
  • Background: Not all cultures see intelligence in the same way, some ppl more comfortable testing (depending on what school they went to), who’s giving the test? racist?..may grade harder
  • Stereotype threat: Can influence outcomes by causing stress EX) male or female. ethnicity
23
Q

Gender and Intelligence

A

-males score higher on spatial reasoning
-females score higher on verbal reasoning
-Sex hormones? Women and men’s cycles cause different hormone levels so test scores can differ at diff. times. High testosterone increases spatial while lower testosterone increases verbal skills
-Society? Stereotypes: Ex. women are not good at math-won’t have to try as hard bc you believe you aren’t capable
Ex. children are given a task and depending on what you classify the task as will change their effort
Ex. Basketball challenge: 2% said girls would do better than the boys so boys were 5x more likely to choose $2 per basket versus the girls who mostly chose only 50cents

24
Q

Intellectual Disabilities

A
  • score of 70 or lower
  • impairment in conceptual, social, and/or practical
  • Causes: genetic (down syndrome), environmental (FAS) during fetal development
25
Q

Misconceptions of Disabilities

A

IS NOT THE INABILITY TO LEARN
-can still learn to function as adults
-shaping and reinforcement can help
Stereotypes
-Myths: can’t ever find a job, have a relationship, won’t live independently
-Truths: Many can live independently, have jobs, and relationships

26
Q

Gifted

A

-IQ of at least 135 but usually 150-180
-most research on IQ over 150
Causes:
-genetic/biology (Gifted males have slightly lower testosterone than average while gifted females have slightly higher testosterone than average)
-environment: authoritative parenting, rich and stimulating environment
-not sure which has more of an impact

27
Q

Gifted Compared to Average

A
  • same processing but gifted are more effective and driven
  • Gifted have a difficulty with social skills possibly linked to being rejected at a younger age and they have twice the rate of emotional and social problems
  • Smart people can fail due to lack of motivation, impulse control, procrastination, concentration, fear
28
Q

Savant Syndrome

A

-combo of intellectual disability and gifted
-high performance in a area and low performance in most other areas
-research:
Autistics are very good at identifying music notes
Higher cognitions override unique abilities.. could be proven through magnetic impulse but research is difficult to obtain without damaging the individuals

Psych Exam 2 (4 decks)

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