Memory

Question 1

We remember things if…

Answer 1

-focused attention on info
-emotional info
-interest in info
-connect to prev experience
-rehearsed info
Ex) phone #s, studying

Question 2

Sensory memory

Answer 2

• info from senses
• only held for brief period
• happens automatically
• iconic and echoic

Question 3

Iconic

Answer 3

Visual

Going up stairs you look straight ahead

Question 4

Echoic

Answer 4

Auditory

Hold first part of sentence until the end in order to understand

Question 5

Sperling’s research

Answer 5

Iconic memory

If each row of numbers was associated with a tone people could remember it

Question 6

Working memory

Answer 6

Info taken from long term memory
Holds info for short period of time but we are able to use this info in order to solve problems
Conscious of information
Millers magic 7- chunking to remember sequence of numbers

Question 7

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 7

Repeating info over and over
Helps retain info for longer time period … Repeating over in head
Ex) trying to remember phone #

Question 8

Long Term Memory (LTM)

Answer 8

Hold info for hours to years
-hours bc after you take test you forget info
Not aware of info in LTM
Stores info about facts, events, learned info

Question 9

LTM: elaborative rehearsal

Answer 9

Connects new info with previous experience/mem
Encodes info for LTM
Trigger 1 memory -> may trigger another memory

Question 10

Types of LTM

Answer 10

Procedural memory: "mental directions" 
  Ex) driving, making toast 
Declarative memory: facts and events 
-semantic 
-episodic

Question 11

Semantic memory

Answer 11

Meaning of words and facts about the world
Don’t remember when, where, how they learned this info
Left frontal lobe
*dont always know event surrounding info
Ex) you know what a boat is but you don’t remember when you learned that

Question 12

Episodic memory

Answer 12

Memories of events associated with time, place, circumstance
Some info entered into both episodic and semantic at the same time
-episodic is lost later
Right frontal lobe
Autobiographical memory: memories about your life
*can picture event

Question 13

Flashbulb memory

Answer 13

Emotionally charged memories
Tend to be stored better than neutral info
Can be positive or negative event
Vivid and accurate memory of a dramatic event
Specific info can be accurate but not always

Question 14

Implicit memory

Answer 14

Unaware of memories, but they predispose us to behave in a certain manner
Can’t be recalled
Patient H.M.

Question 15

Types of Implicit

Answer 15

• classical conditioning responses
• habits
• priming: don’t remember completing activity the first time but the next time you do better

Question 16

Explicit memory

Answer 16

Voluntarily recalled/retrieve info
Episodic and semantic
Stored after cognitive learning

Question 17

Recall

Answer 17

Essay test

Read question, search memory, pull out of memory, write it down

Question 18

Recognition

Answer 18

Multiple choice test
Read question, read answers, search memory to see if you recognize for confirmation
Not going as in-depth into memory, just skimming surface
More error (false memory)

Question 19

Cues

Answer 19

Reminders
Search terms
Ex) sticky notes
Ex) states: 50 states song, viewing map of country

Question 20

Memory

Answer 20

Encoding- organize and transform info to be stored
Storage- retain info
Retrieval- retrieve info

Question 21

Amnesia

Answer 21

Loss of memory over a time span
Results from brain damage
Usually effects episodic
Retrograde vs. Anterograde

Question 22

Retrograde

Answer 22

More likely to lose episodic, losing BIG chunk of our past, unable to create new information, Alzheimer’s, infantile amnesia: no memories before 2nd and 3rd bday because we didn’t use language

Question 23

Anterograde

Answer 23

Unable to create new memories

“50 first dates”

Question 24

Patient H.M.

Answer 24

Suffered from epileptic seizures
Had parts of both temporal lobes removed, along with the hippocampi
Some spatial (automatic actions) and implicit memory
Anterograde
He couldn’t retrieve memories

Question 25

Forgetting

Answer 25

Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting curve (learn most in am then forget it all)
Encoding failure- code isn’t specific enough or accurate
Interference
-retroactive: new disrupts retrieval of old info
-proactive: old disrupts retrieval of new info
-retrieval cues to similar
-TOT (tip of tonque)

Question 26

Misattribution and Suggestibility

Answer 26

*Reasons we create false memories
Mis: attributed to wrong source
Sug: suggestions influence memory
False: Misattribution & suggestibility can lead to the creation of false memories

Question 27

False Memories

Answer 27

• Memories of events that never actually occurred
• Loftus: Got people to create these events even tho it never happened, hugging bugs bunny at disney world
• Schater: “sweet experiment” similar to our bread experiment
• Imagining vs. actual event

Question 28

Imagining vs. Actual

Answer 28

• People w/ vivid mental images have more trouble distinguishing actual events they experienced vs. things they have read
• Fewer false memories from visual compared to auditory
• Paying attention to details, may help to distinguish false from actual memories Ex) dreams

Question 29

Difficulty with False Memories

Answer 29

Crimes: convince someone a crime was committed against them
-sexual abuse allegations
-satanic rituals
Eyewitnesses
-inaccurate reports
*Keep questioning children so they eventually change their answer until they get praised

Question 30

Repressed Memories

Answer 30

Repress->Trigger->Recovered Memory
-Real memories pushed from consciousness b/c they are emotionally threatening (person can't deal with memory)
-Sexual abuse victims 
-Fewer retrieval cues
   less likely memory will be recovered

Question 31

Improving Memory

Answer 31

Mnemonic Devices
  -method of loci: picture item in specific location 
  -Linking items: connect objects within location
  -Acronyms
  -Rhyming words
  -Hierarchal organizational 
Improving retrieval 
  -same environment
  -focus on task
  -external cues