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Psych Exam 2 > Motivation & Emotions > Flashcards

Motivation & Emotions Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

Requirements or desires that lead individuals to behave in a particular way to satisfy.
What motivates us?
-needs: arises from lack of requirement, food
-wants: ultimate goal, not a requirement, car

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2
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A
  • outside factors that push an individual to accomplish a task (external motivators: things from our environment that motivate us)
  • rewards, praises, etc.
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3
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Best motivator

  • motivation is driven by internal factors
  • may meet some psychological need
  • Ex) volunteering at food pantry…makes you feel good inside and being praised (ext.) can also feel good.
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4
Q

When do rewards cause a negative effect

A

If you use too many extrinsic motivators, people lose value of intrinsic motivators

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5
Q

Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett Experiment

A

Group previously rewarded= loss of enthusiasm
Group not rewarded= same level of enthusiasm
*Over-justification- “external reinforcement lowered internal motivation”

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6
Q

When do rewards work

A
  • Motivation to accomplish a task
  • given on the basis of quality Ex) coloring task for children
  • in Lepper’s study, the reward was given “regardless of quality of work” This also affected enthusiasm levels
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7
Q

Instinct Theory

A
  • built-in pattern of behaviors that help us survive
  • now called fixed-action patterns
  • unlearned, mainly nature (genetics) …E.O. Wilson
  • migration, mating
  • easier to understand with animals
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8
Q

Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory

A
  • Specific part of our mind
  • motivated by unconscious desires/urges
  • aggression and sex.. changes as we age
  • used to explain mental health issues
  • newer evolutionary theories use parts of Freud’s ideas b/c not a lot of research and there are biased studies
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9
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Most important —> Least important

  • physiological: food, water
  • safety: security factor, money
  • belongingness: need to belong to a group
  • esteem: need to be recognized for our accomplishments —-cognitive: need to understand
  • aesthetic: need for harmony and order
  • self-actualization: “to be all that you can” -army reserves
  • research both supports and refutes
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10
Q

How Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs both supports and refutes War

A

-doesn’t include war b/c it suggests that we would never go to war since safety is 2nd most important BUT we may be fighting over physiological needs or fighting for our safety

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11
Q

Kenrick, Griskevicius, Neuberg, Schaller (2010)

3 Levels of Analysis

A

Functional
-survival and reproduction
-suggests certain needs are more important
Proximal
-immediate needs
-threats can cause a temporary modification of hierarchy
-ex) using Maslow’s hierarchy to explain war
Developmental
-needs may change through lifetime
-food and contact are important as infants

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12
Q

Research on Sexual Behavior: Kinsey late 1940’s

A
  • 1st major systematic survey of sexual behavior
  • Findings: “sex was more about reproduction than pressure” things that ppl thought were rare were becoming more common
  • problems: not everyone took part in surveys and ppl who responded may have been more likely to be comfortable with talking about sex and more experimental
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13
Q

Research on Sexual Behavior: National Health and Social Life Survey 1992

A
  • showed changes in rate of teen sexual activity and age

- confirmed some of Kinsey’s findings but things also changed

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14
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Choosing Partners
-parental investment
-males less investment = less choosy (BUT men still have to be invested in the child)
-females more investment = more choosy
Jealousy
-males more upset with sexual infidelity (males can never be 100% sure the child is his)
-females more upset with emotional infidelity

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15
Q

Culture & Sex

A

Laws say one thing but our cultural beliefs may be diff.
Sexual practices
-marriage
-males vs. females (# of partners, stereotypes)
Sexual Partners
-heterosexuality
-homosexuality (legal in U.S. we were behind some countries but other countries still haven’t made it legal)

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16
Q

Is sexual orientation biological or environmental?

A

Combo of biological, environmental, and social
-limited in research and therefore theory-based, many debates because not a lot of research to back-up or refute arguments
‘Possible’ Arguments:
-Hormones affect fetal brain development
Ex) John vs. Jone: Despite hormones ‘after’ birth, he felt like a boy because that’s how he developed
Proving the effects of hormones would be unethical b/c it would interfere with development of fetus

17
Q

Motivation of Emotions

A 
Emotions (reactions to object, events, or circumstances)
-physiological and cognitive
-objective
-rely on interpretation
Ex) smiling is hardwired into us
18
Q

Ekman & Friesen

A
  • built-in set of emotions
  • New Guinea tribe could identify emotional expressions
  • 6 Basic Emotions: surprise, happiness, fear, anger, disgust, sadness
  • fear and surprise were more difficult to distinguish between (surprise situation can be fear inducing)
19
Q

James-Lange Theory

A
  • Emotions only felt after body reacts
  • stimulus–> physiological reaction–>Emotion
  • Bodily feedback
  • Criticism: Physical reactions take time, while emotions happen in seconds (too much of a time gap) and those with no sensation still report emotion (suggests they don’t feel emotion
  • bodily state influencing our emotions can’t be ruled out
20
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A
  • Stimulus: bodily response and emotions occur at the same time
  • Criticism: suggests bodily response is the same for different situations, anger increases HR and skin temp, fear increases HR but skin temp decreases
21
Q

Cognitive Theories

A
  • emotions occur when person interprets the situation as a whole
  • physiological response and cognitive appraisal
22
Q

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

A
  • Physiological response

- label emotion based identifying reason for arousal.

23
Q

Dutton and Aron

A
  • stable vs. unstable bridge
  • level of sexual imagery in story impacted
  • connected fear to woman on other side of bridge rather than the actual bridge as a whole
24
Q

Ledoux’s Theory

A
  • different brain systems for different emotions
  • some systems act as a reflex system, fear
  • other systems depend on thoughts and interpretations
  • fear conditioning and emotional memories
  • phobias and PTSD
25
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

-people feel emotions partly bc of the way their facial muscles are positioned
-change the intensity of the emotion
Ex) holding a pen in our mouth

26
Q

Display rules

A

Unspoken rules
-learned from individual culture
-when, whom, how strongly(depend on age, culture, how close you were to them)
Ex) crying in private cars at funeral

27
Q

Expressing emotions

A
  • important for daily interactions
  • non-verbal communication: effective in conveying emotions
  • control over emotions: important
28
Q

Emotions among Cultures

A

Japanese: don’t show negative emotions to others, taught to smile when scolded by others
South African tribes: must appear stern and stone-faced
•amount of expressions for emotions differ
•individualist vs collectivist cultures

29
Q

Parent & Peers influence on emotion

A
  • teach us emotional display rules
  • unspoken rules
  • parents: mothers display emotional facial expressions to babies and vice versa, *important for learning emotional regulation
  • peers: discourage PDA, child can seem uncaring, aloof, or rude to adults
30
Q

Emotional gender differences

A

Stereotypes or fact?
Pressure! *equal emotions as children
Women: more emotional, sympathy, fear, sadness, but not anger, better at reading signs of happiness
Men: sometimes seen as unemotional, better at reading signs of aggression
Ex) men and women politicians
*evolutionary psychologists believe this is due to our ancestors roles as men and women

Psych Exam 2 (4 decks)

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