Thinking and Language- Test 3

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

the mental process to think, remember and predict developing concepts

Question 2

concept

Answer 2

a grouping of things that has some underlying similarity; a category of related things

Question 3

prototype

Answer 3

an ideal model or best example of the concept

Question 4

Types of problem-solving strategies

Answer 4

1. Trial and error
2. Insight
3. Algorithm
4. Heuristic

Question 5

Insight

Answer 5

• the sudden realization of how to solve a problem (part of problem-solving strategy)

Question 6

Algorithm

Answer 6

• a systematic method that will guarantee a solution (problem- solving strat)

Question 7

Heuristic

Answer 7

• uses a “short-cut”. Doesn’t guarantee a solution but can be more efficient ( problem- solving strat) mental short cut used to simplify problems and avoid cognitive overload

Question 8

What obstacles we face during problem solving

Answer 8

1. Confirmation bias
2. Fixation: functional fixedness, mental set

Question 9

Confirmation bias defintiion

Answer 9

• we see only info that supports our preconceived thoughts on the problem and ignore what contradicts it (seeing what we only want to see)

Question 10

Two types of fixation and definition

Answer 10

• we are “hung up” on wrong solutions or are blind to alternatives
  Functional Fixedness: (limited view) we fail to see that an object can have different functions or be used in a different way
  Mental set: approaching a problem the same way in the past because it worked (even if there’s a better way) this predisposes how we think

Question 11

factors that influence judgement/decisions

Answer 11

1. availability heuristic (association)
2. overconfidence
3. belief perseverance
4. Framing

Question 12

language

Answer 12

• consists of symbols that convey meaning and rules for combining symbols

Question 13

3 components of language

Answer 13

1. Phonemes
2. Morphemes
3. Grammar: semantics, Synatx

Question 14

Milestones in language development

Answer 14

1. Receptive language (by 4 months)
2. productive language (able to produce words)
3. One-word stage ( 1-2 years old)
4. Two- word stage (18 months)

Question 15

Semantics (grammar)

Answer 15

• rules that help us derive meaning from sounds

Question 16

Syntax (grammar)

Answer 16

• rules for how to order words in a sentence

Question 17

Linguistic determination

Answer 17

• language determines how we think