Thinking and Language Flashcards
definition of thinking
manipulation of mental representations of information
definition of meta-cognition
thinking about our own thinking
schemas
mental frameworks or networks that help us organize information - sometimes we refuse to change false schemas
Example of confirmation bias
Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979 results, what did they do?
priming
a schema that is at the forefront of your mind will be used to interpret your world (schema must be relevant to be used)
Reasoning Rationally: algorithms
sure methods to reach the solution but could take a long time
Reasoning Rationally: Heuristics
mental shortcuts that usually lead to quick and accurate decisions
Heuristics: Anchoring and Adjusting
over-reliance on pre-existing judgements
Heuristics: Framing
how we approach gains and losses
Heuristics: Representativeness
ignore base-rate information and rely on stereotypes and schemas
definition of language
the communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules
Properties of language
- communicative
- arbitrary (any symbol will do)
- structure (syntax) is important
- multiplicity of structure
- very productive
- dynamic (evolving)
Verbal communication: paralinguistic channel
how we say them
Understanding Language Acquisition: Learning theory approach
language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning
Understanding Language Acquisition: Universal Grammar
all the world’s languages share a similar underlying structure
Understanding Language Acquisition: Language-acquisition device
Neural system that permits the understanding of language
Linguistic Determinism Hypothesis
the notion that language shapes and, in fact, may determine the way people of a particular culture perceive and think about the world
Francis Galton
- head size relativity to intelligence
- perceptual speed
Alfred Binet
-mental age versus chronological/physical age IQ
mental age
the average age of individuals who achieve a particular level of performance on a test
Formula for IQ
IQ = MA/CA multiplied by 100
A good IQ test must have what three qualifications
- reliability
- validity
- norms/standardization
What is the average score and standard deviation
100/15
How much of a group is within one standard deviation either above or below the average
68%
What percentage of a group is two standard deviations either above or below average
95%
Mental Retardation
significantly below average intellectual functioning, plus limitations in at least two areas of adaptive functioning involving
- communicative skills
- self-care
- ability to live independently
- social skills
- health and safety
- academics
- leisure and work
Name 8 of Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
- linguistic
- logical/math
- spatial
- bodily-kinesthetic
- musical
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- naturalist
- existentialist is in debate
Individual differences in IQ scores can be a result of
- genetic components
- environmental factors
- individuals inherit a range
