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Psych Exam #2 > Psych Exam #2 > Flashcards

Psych Exam #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

the conversion of the stimulus to neutral impulses, how we take in raw information about the world

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2
Q

Perception

A

interpreting stimuli and making sense of them

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3
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

minimum stimulation necessary to detect light, sound, taste, touch, odor - half the time you will detect it and half the time you won’t

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4
Q

Stimulus

A

anything that activates our sensation systems

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5
Q

What is the 3-step process for a stimulus to create a perception?

A
  1. Stimulus energy reaches sense receptors
  2. Sense organ transducer the stimulus energy into an electrical code (neural transmission)
  3. This code is sent to the cerebral cortex, resulting in a psychological experience (e.g., seeing something)
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6
Q

What is the definition of constancy?

A

we experience perceptual stability even though the sensed stimulus changes

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7
Q

What are the two types of constancy?

A

shape constancy and size constancy

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8
Q

What is the Autokinetic Effect?

A

stationary objects can appear to move

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9
Q

What is transduction?

A

translation of stimulus energy into an electrical code/neural impulse

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10
Q

Give an example of top down processing

A

s

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11
Q

Give an example of bottom up processing

A

a

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12
Q

Difference Threshold

A

the minimum difference for a person to be able to detect the difference half the time (color, pitch, weight, temp)

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13
Q

Weber’s Law

A

for two stimuli to be perceived as different, they must differ by a constant minimum percentage and not a constant amount

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14
Q

Where is your color vision sensed?

A

Around the fovea

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15
Q

What is the trichromatic theory?

A

There are three kinds of cones sensitive to different wave lengths. Each cone is associated with two main colors. Explains color blindness well.

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16
Q

What are rods and what do they do?

A

They are a type of receptor cell in the retina and enable you to have night vision, see black and white and periphery vision. There are 120 million of them.

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17
Q

What are cones and what do they do?

A

They are a type of receptor cell in the retina and they enable you to see brighter light and color vision, they are near the fovea (centralized). There are 6 million of them.

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18
Q

Describe why someone would be colorblind according to the Trichromatic Theory?

A

Color blindness is due to one of the three cone systems or more malfunctioning, and colors covered by that range are misperceived. Red/green is most common and you can also have blue/yellow color blindness.

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19
Q

Describe the Opponent Process Theory

A

Receptor cells are linked in pairs and work in opposition to each other. Explains after images.

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20
Q

What does a bipolar cell do?

A

receive info directly from rods to cones and sends this info to ganglion cells

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21
Q

What do ganglion cells do?

A

collect and summarize visual info, which is moved out of the back of the eyeball through a bundle of ganglion axons called the optic nerve

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22
Q

What is simultaneous contrast?

A

Objects look lighter against a dark background than against a light background

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23
Q

What is lateral inhibition?

A

When a receptor fires, it inhibits its neighbors because they serve a similar function. An example is if a neuron that fires in response to white light fires, other similar neurons are less likely to fire. It’s purpose is to emphasize change (edges).

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24
Q

Binocular Desparity

A

a depth cue using both eyes

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25
Q

Name three monocular depth cues and describe them

A

Texture gradient: distant objects are denser
Linear perspective: parallel lines appear to converge in the distance
Relative size: distant objects are smaller

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26
Q

Describe the Ames Room Illusion

A

depth cues are wrong, the people appear to be equally far away but they are not

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27
Q

What are context effects?

A

when our expectations influence what we perceive

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28
Q

Describe the Place Theory

A

the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane

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29
Q

Describe the Frequency Theory

A

the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

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30
Q

Describe the McGurk Effect and give an example

A

visual and auditory info interact, can cause mistakes in perception - video, sometimes what we see overrides what we hear

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31
Q

List four types of touch or feelings

A

touch/pressure
warmth
cold
pain

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32
Q

Why are some parts of the body more sensitive than others?

A

Those parts have larger portions of the brain devoted to touch

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33
Q

Describe the Gate Control Theory

A

Theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological age that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. Gate opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers. Gate closed by activity in large fibers (transmitting touch or warmth signals) or by information coming from the brain (expectations)

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34
Q

Definition of State of Consciousness

A

the awareness of the sensations, thoughts and feeling being experienced at a given moment

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35
Q

Definition of Unintentional Blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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36
Q

What type of person is hypnotized best?

A

imaginative people with rich fantasy lives

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37
Q

What are some possible effects of hypnotism?

A

enhanced memory
hallucinations
suggestibility
post-hypnotic suggestion and amnesia

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38
Q

Describe the Dissociation Theory

A

It involves splitting the consciousness and having a hidden observer and giving up parts of yourself to be controlled by another

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39
Q

Describe the Sociocognitive Theory

A

social influence of hypnotist is combined with the expectation of the subject, playing a role when the actor becomes the part, not faking it, but not completely different state of consciousness

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40
Q

Describe Circadian Rhythms

A

24 hour clock corresponding to light and dark

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41
Q

Give 4 reasons for why we sleep

A

evolutionary adaptive (avoid predators by being still and hidden, avoid accidents in the dark), conserve energy, secrete growth hormones, synthesize information

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42
Q

Describe REM Stage 1:

A

transition; small and irregular brain waves; visual images

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43
Q

Describe REM Stage 2:

A

bursts of rapid waves (spindles)

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44
Q

Describe REM Stage 3:

A

occasional delta waves; deeper sleep

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45
Q

Describe REM Stage 4:

A

deepest sleep; mainly delta waves; walking or talking in sleep occurs at this stage

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46
Q

Four signs that you are in REM sleep (paradoxical sleep)

A

rapid eye movements, very active brain waves but paralyzed muscles, sexual arousal, most dreaming occurs here

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47
Q

How many episodes of REM sleep per night is typical?

A

4-5

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48
Q

How many hours does REM sleep typically last?

A

2 hours

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49
Q

When does deep sleep occur (REM Stages 3 and 4)?

A

early in the night

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50
Q

What are some common themes of dreams?

A

falling, being chased, school, sex, being late, eating

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51
Q

Define Manifest Content

A

actual events in a dream

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52
Q

Define Latent Content

A

symbolic content - unconscious with motivation

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53
Q

Dream Theory: Problem-focused Approach

A

dreams reflect current concerns and sometimes how to resolve them, especially survival-related ideas

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54
Q

Activation Synthesis Theory:

A

Random activity of portions of the brain including old memories, which are woven into a coherent story line

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55
Q

Name four types of sleep disturbances

A

insomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
sleepwalking

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56
Q

Define thinking

A

manipulation of mental representations of information

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57
Q

Define meta-cognition

A

thinking about our own thinking

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58
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

we see what we want to see

59
Q

What is a schema?

A

mental frameworks or networks that help us organize information

60
Q

What is belief perseverance?

A

refusal to change false schemas

61
Q

Tell me about the Lord, Ross & Lepper

A

examined attitudes towards capital punishment
people were either pro-capital punishment or anti-capital punishment
all read both pro and con information about issue

62
Q

Define biased assimilation

A

people tended to be less critical of information that they agreed with, but judged information that they disagreed with to be poorer quality

63
Q

Define polarization effect

A

attitudes became more extreme, not less extreme

64
Q

Define priming, give an example

A

a schema that is at the forefront of your mind will be used to interpret your world

65
Q

Algorithms

A

sure methods to reach the solution, but may take a long time

66
Q

Informal reasoning

A

heuristics are mental shortcuts that usually lead to quick and accurate decisions (but sometimes lead us astray); using your intuition

67
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

judge frequency of an event on what comes to mind easily

68
Q

Heuristics: Anchoring and Adjusting

A

over-reliance on pre-existing judgements

69
Q

Heuristics: Framing

A

how we approach gains and losses

70
Q

Represenativeness Heuristic

A

ignore base-rate information, and rely on stereotypes/schemas

71
Q

Give me an example of cognitive dissonance

A

s

72
Q

What is post-decisional dissonance? Give me an example.

A

how do we justify our choices when choosing one thing over something similar

73
Q

define language

A

the communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules

74
Q

List the properties of language

A 
communicative 
arbitrary (any symbol will do)
structure is important
multiplicity of structure
very productive
dynamic (evolving)
75
Q

What does our verbal channel of communication consist of?

A

the words

76
Q

What does our paralinguistic channel of communication consist of?

A

how we say them (pitch, etc.)

77
Q

What does our visual channel of communication consists of?

A

face and body

78
Q

Linguistic Determinism Hypothesis

A

the notion that language shapes, in fact, may determine the way people of a particular culture perceive and think about the world

79
Q

What did Francis Galton come up with?

A

head size relative to intelligence

80
Q

What did Alfred Binet do?

A

mental age versus physical age, helped come up with the figuring of the IQ and the IQ test with Standford

81
Q

How do you calculate your IQ

A

mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100

82
Q

What are the three types of IQ tests?

A

standford-binet IV
wechsler adult intelligence scale III
wechsler intelligence scale for children III

83
Q

Define Mental Retardation

A 
significantly below average intellectual functioning, plus limitations in at least two areas of adaptive functioning involving
communication skills
self care
ability to live independently
social skills
health & safety
academics
leisure & work
84
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

A

Involved three intelligences
academic/analytic
creative (new settings, adapting and inventive)
practical (less denied problems, many solutions, specific content and personal goals)

85
Q

Name the 8 Intelligences of Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

A 
linguistic
logical/math
spatial
bodily-kinesthetic
musical
interpersonal
intrapersonal
naturalist
86
Q

What causes individual differences in IQ scores?

A

genetic component
environmental factors
individuals inherit a range

87
Q

Interactionist Approach toward Development

A

heredity and environment matter

how and to what degree to each influence development

88
Q

Name four teratogens (harmful toxins) when pregnant

A

alcohol - fetal alcohol syndrome
smoking - can cause asthma
aspirin - harm to circulatory system
caffeine (excessive) - slow growth and contributes to premature birth and increased irritability

89
Q

Describe Kohlberg’s Theory

A

moral reasoning is not learned but constructed through interaction with society and environment, environmental factors may affect the speed of development, but not the direction

90
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory Level one Stage One: Obedience

A

consequences of action determine future behavior, punishment avoidance is primary motivator

91
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory Level One Stage Two: Quid Pro Quo

A

good behavior results in others’ actions that satisfy one’s own personal needs, rewards are primary motivators, interpersonal interaction is important only to the extent that the situation can be manipulated for personal benefit “when i do something good, i get something good”

92
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory Level Two Stage Three: Sociabiltiy

A

“good boy good girl orientation” approval seeking behavior drives moral reasoning, approval from close others

93
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory Level Two Stage Four: Law & Order

A

obey the letter of the law, avoidance of guilt and or censure is primary motivator, broadens to approval by society

94
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory Level Three Stage Five: Social Contract

A

consensus of the majority (the democratic process) results in “good laws”, “good laws” are followed to the extent they do not interfere with life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness (individual rights), use of due process to change laws

95
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory Level Three Stage 6: Principled

A

universal principles are recognized and accepted, when principles are in conflict with the law, however, the principle is a guide in determining moral reasoning, conscience-based

96
Q

What are some evaluations of Kohlberg’s Theory

A

cross cultural relevance?
stages are individualistic and oriented toward democratic societies to some extent
moral reasoning is often inconsistent in different situations
moral reasoning does not necessarily lead to moral behavior

97
Q

Social Intuition Model

A

Moral judgement is a two step process

  • moral judgement rests on intuition
  • moral reasoning happens after the moral judgement has been made to justify the judgment
98
Q

Attachment Theory

A

the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a caregiver - lorenz and imprinting

99
Q

Tell me about Harlow and infant monkeys

A

r

100
Q

What is the “strange situation”?

A

reactions to caregiver leaving
protest
despair
detachment

101
Q

Three functions of attachment

A

proximity maintenance
safe haven
secure base

102
Q

What is the Critical Question asked about caregivers and what were the results and what did they mean?

A

“can i count on my attachment figure to be available and responsive when needed?”
secure - yes - 65%
avoidant - no - 20-25%
anxious-ambivalent - maybe - 10-15%

103
Q

What did Piaget observe to create his stages of development?

A

cognitive development happens in stages and children actively seek knowledge (are not passive)

104
Q

Assimilation

A

interpreting new information

105
Q

Accommodation

A

creating a new schema for information that doesn’t fit

106
Q

First stage of Piaget’s Planes of Development

A

0-2 Sensorimotor
connect sensory and motor systems
object permanence: the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

107
Q

Second stage of Piaget’s Planes of Development

A

(2-7) Preoperational
egocentrism: the inability of the child to take another’s point of view
continued development of symbols (language)

108
Q

Third stage of Piaget’s Planes of Development

A

(7-11) Concerete Operational

achieves conservation of number, mass, and weight

109
Q

Fourth stage of Piaget’s Planes of Development

A

(11 and up) Formal Operational

can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systematically

110
Q

Evaluation of Piaget’s Theory

A

may have underestimated kids and how quickly they develop, may have overestimated adults (may never achieve formal thought)
development may not always occur in distinct stages

111
Q

Erikson’s Psychological Stages 1st one

A

trust vs mistrust, 0-1.5 years

112
Q

Erikson’s Psychological Stages 2nd one

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt 1.5-3 years

113
Q

Erikson’s Psychological Stages 3rd one

A

initiative vs guilt 3 to 6 years

114
Q

Erikson’s Psychological Stages 4th one

A

industry vs inferiority 6 to 12 years

115
Q

Erikson’s Psychological Stages 5th one

A

identity versus role confusion (adolescence)

time of major testing, as adolescents try to determine what is unique and special about themselves

116
Q

Erikson’s Psychological Stages 6th one

A

Intimacy versus isolation (early adulthood)

Developing close relationships

117
Q

Erikson’s Psychological Stages 7th one

A

generavity vs. stagnation (middle age)

contributions to one’s family, community, work and society, assisting development o the younger generation

118
Q

Erikson’s Psychological Stages 8th one

A

ego-integrity vs despair (old age)

reviewing life’s successes and failures

119
Q

What are the three tests that you can measure personality with?

A

Rorschach Test
Thematic Apperception Test
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

120
Q

Definition of personality

A

involves consistency, it’s distinctive

121
Q

Which test is more reliable Project Test or Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A

minnessota multiphasic personality inventory 567 t/f questions

122
Q

What is the psychodynamic structure of personality?

A

Id: operates on the pleasure principle, primitive and unconscious part of personality
Ego: operates on the reality, mediates between id and superego
Superego: moral ideas and conscience
conflicts among the three entities are common and can result in anxiety “what should i do” feeling

123
Q

By what age does Freud believe personality is fixed by?

A

five

124
Q

Freud: Reactions to Anxiety and Conflict: Fixation

A

failure to progress smoothly through a stage can result in fixation at that stage

125
Q

Freud: Reactions to anxiety: Defense mechanisms

A

repression, reaction formation, projection, displacement, sublimation

126
Q

What is repression?

A

blocking threatening ideas from consciousness, it underlies all other defense mechanisms

127
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

transforming a feeling into its opposite

128
Q

What is projection?

A

attributing your own feelings to someone else

129
Q

What is displacement?

A

directing emotions (anger) toward people or things that aren’t the real cause of feelings

130
Q

What is sublimation?

A

redirecting sexual energy into creativity and aggression into physical, creative accomplishments

131
Q

Problems with Freud approach

A

little evidence, some aspects of theory are not testable, and the parts that are testable do not fare well overall

132
Q

What is the behaviorist approach to personality?

A

environment effects personality, how does someone become an extravert, etc.

133
Q

What is the Humanistic approach to personality?

A

emphasis on how people are unique and how they strive for improvement (self-actualization)

134
Q

Humanistic Carl Rogers approach to personality?

A

strive to fulfill our unique potential, to achieve self-actualization, unconditional positive regard necessary for self-actualization, being treated with acceptance no matter what your feelings and behavior are

135
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy

A 
1st self actualization
2nd esteem
3rd belongingness
4th safety
5th physiological 
(lower needs to be met before you can meet the needs above that)
136
Q

Maslow’s three assumptions about traits? Which one is false?

A

are relatively stable over time
are relatively stable across situations*
distinguish individuals from one another

137
Q

Interactionism

A

the belief that behavior is jointly determined by situations and personality traits (behavior is a function of the person and the situation)

138
Q

What are the big five when it comes to personality?

A 
extraversion
agreeableness
conscientiousness
neuroticism
openness to experience
139
Q

What are the five qualities of extraversion?

A 
sociable
energetic
assertive
cheerful
excitement seeking
140
Q

What are the five qualities of agreeableness?

A 
warm,altruistic
tender minded
trustful, forgving
modest
friendly compliance, not stubborn
141
Q

What are the five qualities of conscientiousness?

A 
organized
dutiful
self-disciplined
deliberate
achievement striving, thorough
142
Q

What are the five qualities of Neuroticism?

A 
anxious, tense
depressed, not contented
vulnerable to stress
self-conscious
irritable, hostile
143
Q

What are the six qualities of Openness to Experience?

A 
ideas, curious
imaginative
artistic
inner experience - excitable
behavior flexibility, wide interests
progressive values; unconventional

Psych Exam #2 (4 decks)

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