Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards
Concept (definition)
A mental category that groups objects, activities, or qualities with common properties
Prototype (definition)
An especially representative example of a concept (there are degrees!)
How does language affect cognition in example of “the key” (German vs. Spanish)
In German, a key is masculine. Described more as hard, heavy, useful, etc.
In Spanish, key is feminine. Described more as lovely, shiny, golden, little, etc.
Gender stereotypes are deeply ingrained.
Cognitive Schema
Mental frameworks for describing and thinking about aspects of the world. (eg. gender schemas)
Subconscious vs. nonconscious
Subconscious: mental processes outside of awareness, but accessible to consciousness when necessary.
Nonconscious: Mental processes that remain outside of awareness and cannot be brought back. (eg. implicit learning)
Multitasking
really is task switching. Alternating between tasks that require attention.
Implicit learning
Learning without being aware of how you learned it and what exactly you learned.
Algorithms
Step-by-step problem solving strategy that produces a solution even when not understanding how it works. (eg. quadratic formula)
Heuristic
A rule of thumb but does not guarantee optimal solution
Formal vs. Informal reasoning
Formal: directions are clear, one single right answer.
Informal: No clearly correct solution. Maybe multiple solutions.
Dialectical reasoning
Weigh opposing facts to determine best solution after resolving differences.
Affect heuristic
Tendency to consult emotions rather than objective probability to judge a situation.
Availability Heuristic
tendency to judge probability based on how easy it is to think of an example
Framing effect
tendency for choices to be affected by how they are presented or framed. (eg. frame in terms of losses = more risk aversion)
Fairness bias
Tendency to desire fairness even if irrational or against economic gain (ultimatum game examples)
Mental Set
The tendency to solve new problems with techniques that worked in the past.
g factor
A general intellectual ability that underlies specific mental abilities and talents (Charles spearman)
Crystallized intelligence vs. Fluid intelligence
Crystallized: knowledge and cognitive skills acquired over lifetime
Fluid: capacity to reason and use information to solve problems
Parieto-frontal integration theory (P-FIT)
Intelligence is from transfer of information between regions:
- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- inferior and superior parietal lobe
- anterior cingulate
- occipital and temporal lobes
How is IQ originally calculated (formula)
Mental age / Chronological age
List the chronology of intelligence testing
Binet
Stanford-Binet
Wechsler
Wechsler’s Intelligence Scale. What 4 separate scores?
Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, processing speed, working memory
Stereotype threat
Insecurity about performance due to negative stereotypes about their group
Metacognition
Knowledge or awareness of one’s own cognitive processes and the ability to control them.
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
emphasis on analytic, creative, and practical abilities
Tacit knowledge
Strategies that are not explicitly taught but are inferred. From practical intelligence
Multiple intelligences theory
Intelligence theory that emphasizes different ways of processing information. Each person is different (against g-factor)
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to identify emotions accurately, express emotions clearly, and regulate emotions.
Cognitive Ethology
Study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals
anthropomorphism
tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings
anthropodenial
tendency to think humans have nothing in common with other animals
