General Material

Question 1

Gustav Fechner

Answer 1

Did first scientific experiments about perception (psychophysics) (1860)

Question 2

Hermann von Helmholtz

Answer 2

Visual and auditory perception (1852, 1863)

Question 3

Wilhelm Wundt (what philosophy in psych? where and when first lab?)

Answer 3

Objective introspection (examining one’s own thoughts and mental activities)

Leipzig, Germany (1879). First attempt to bring science in psychology.

Question 4

Edward Titchener (significance, philosophy)

Answer 4

Wundt’s student. Took ideas to America (Cornell).

Structuralism: structure of the mind

Question 5

Margaret F. Washburn

Answer 5

Titchener’s student, first woman to get PhD in Psychology.

Published ‘The Animal Mind’

Question 6

Structuralism

Answer 6

Wundt and Titchener; broke down mental processes to small parts (like with introspection)

like breaking down water into hydrogen + oxygen

Question 7

William James (dates, location, textbook)

Answer 7

1870s in Harvard (first Psych courses); “Principles of Psychology” (1890)

Question 8

William James philosophy and interest

Answer 8

Consciousness and functionalism (how people function with mind)

Question 9

Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 9

William James’ student. Finished PhD requirements (Harvard) but was denied.

First female president of American Psychological Association

Question 10

Francis Cecil Sumner

Answer 10

First African-American PhD (Clark Uni, 1920)

Father of African-American Psychology

Question 11

Max Wertheimer (philosophy, date, modern significance)

Answer 11

Gestalt Psychology (whole is greater than sum of parts, like smartphone and parts) (1912). Looks at whole broad picture

Part of Cognitive psychology

Question 12

Sigmund Freud (philosophy)

Answer 12

Psychoanalysis (unconscious, repression, childhood, etc.) (Late 19th Century)

Question 13

Ivan Pavlov (background, philosophy)

Answer 13

Russian physiologist; Conditioning

Question 14

John B Watson (philosophy, influenced by, date)

Answer 14

Behaviorism (book in 1924). Wanted to bring focus back to scientific inquiry (observable behavior, influenced by Pavlov)

ignores consciousness

Question 15

Freud vs. Watson in ideas of origins of behavior

Answer 15

Freud thought all behavior is unconscious motivation;

Watson thought all behavior is learned

Question 16

“Little Albert”

Answer 16

John Watson taught a baby to be afraid of a white rat (and developed phobia to many fuzzy things) to show that phobias are learned

Question 17

Mary Cover Jones

Answer 17

counterconditioning (exposure/behavior therapy)
“Little Peter”

Question 18

Psychodynamic Perspective compared to Freud

Answer 18

Freud’s ideas, but modern version.

Focus on unconscious mind and childhood, less focus on sexual motivations

Question 19

B.F. Skinner (after who? philosophy and discovery)

Answer 19

After John Watson (Behavioral perspective)

Operant Conditioning

Question 20

Humanistic Perspective in Psychology (people, main concepts, current modern use)

Answer 20

Free will, self-actualization

Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers

now used as a form of psychotherapy and self-improvement

Question 21

Cognitive Perspective in Psychology (dates, main ideas, inspired by)

Answer 21

Focus on processes of thinking, remembering, using information (stimulated by development of computers) (1960s)

Question 22

Eclectic perspective

Answer 22

Using parts of different perspectives to form a conclusion of a whole situation

Question 23

Observer Effect

Answer 23

People being watched won’t behave normally due to their knowledge of being watched

Question 24

Participant Observation

Answer 24

Researchers become a participant in the group (to hide themself)

Question 25

Pros of case studies

Answer 25

For rare cases (eg. Phineas Gage, DID, etc.)

Question 26

Courtesy bias

Answer 26

People answer more socially appropriate/diserable option rather than true opinion

Question 27

Phrenology (literal Greek meaning, dates popular, main ideas)

Answer 27

“study of the mind”

popular early 1800s

Looked at bumps of skull to tell character and personality

Question 28

What did students of Wundt have to do in order to participate in a ‘trained introspection’ study?

Answer 28

Do 10,000 practice observations.

Question 29

Difficulties with structuralism

Answer 29

Conflicting reports from a same prompt

Question 30

Functionalism

Answer 30

Focus on purpose/function of behavior. (the causes and consequences of behavior)

Question 31

Mind Cure Movement (dates, main ideas)

Answer 31

1830-1900; start of therapies; correct ideas that made people anxious/depressed

Question 32

Content Validity vs. Criterion Validity

Answer 32

Content Validity: do items on a test reflect the trait?

Criterion Validity: do test results predict outcomes related to the trait?

Question 33

Define significance tests and confidence interval

Answer 33

significant test: shows how likely a study would turn out the way it did if there weren’t actually a relationship between the variables (the chances of finding the result given that the null is true.)

confidence interval: shows a range of values the true mean is likely to lie given a specified probability.

Question 34

Bayesian statistics

Answer 34

Statistics that use a formula for calculating likelihood of a hypothesis to be true and meaningful, given relevant prior knowledge.