Consciousness and Sleep Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Biological Rhythms vs. Circadian Rhythms

A

Biological rhythms: a periodic or regular fluctuation of our biological system (eg. testosterone peaks in autumn, birds migrate, daydreaming, etc.)

Circadian rhythm: biological rhythms every 24 hours (eg. sleep-wake)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

For many, alertness peaks and low points when? What other biological phenomenon is same way?

A

Alertness peaks in late afternoon and low points in early morning. Same as body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

The coordinator of circadian rhythms, located in the hypothalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Melatonin (secreted by, regulates __, regulated by __, when does melatonin rise and fall?)

A

A hormone secreted by pineal gland, regulates daily biological rhythms, regulated by the SCN.

Melatonin rises when dark environment, falls when light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Internal desynchronization

Example?

A

A state where biological rhythms are not in phase with each other (eg. jet lag. doesn’t just affect sleep patterns, but energy levels, motor coordination, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Are there such things as “early birds” and “night owls”

A

Yea! People have different circadian rhythms. “chronotypes”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do seasonal changes affect moods?

A

SAD (not in DSM-5 btw), is caused by out of sync circadian rhythms. Maybe daytime melatonin levels too high in winter (due to less light).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some treatments for SAD?

A

Light therapy (sit in front of bright lights at specific times), antidepressants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

A

Individuals experience levels of depression or anxiety just before menstruation, causing impaired daily functioning. Affects 2% to 6% of menstruating individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Expectation and premenstrual mood symptoms

A

People asked to recall their moods over-exaggerated them compared to what they rated them on a daily basis. expectations influence moods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Alpha waves

A

Brain waves that are emitted when we relax in bed. Wakeful state, but slowed down compared to normal alert wakefulness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 Stages of sleep.

How long?

A

Stage 1: drifting on the edge of consciousness. might have fantasies or visual images if awakened during this stage.

Stage 2: short bursts of rapid high-peak waves called sleep spindles.

Stage 3: emits delta waves; slow with high peaks. deep sleep. muscles relaxed, breathing and pulse slow. most likely phase for sleep-walking.

30 to 45 minutes. Then goes back to 2 to 1, which is around 70 to 90.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep

(when it occurs, what type of waves, what happens to body, average time)

A

Happens when going back to stage 1 after going through the cycle (1 to 2 to 3 to 2 to 1).

Emits long bursts of rapid and irregular waves. Blood pressure and heart rate increase, breathing faster, small twitches. May have genitals stimulated (penis erect, vaginal lubrication increase).

Average 20 minutes long.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dream reports occurred how often when awakened during REM compared to non-REM sleep?

Difference in characteristics of the dreams?

A

82% in REM, 51% in non-REM.

But non-REM dreams tend to be shorter, less vivid, and more realistic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

When in REM sleep but the muscle paralysis characteristic has not worn off. They are in a ‘waking dream’. Waking, not dreaming.

Some people interpret the experiences literally and believe they are haunted by ghosts or visited by aliens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

As the hours pass, what happens to the order of sleep periods? duration?

A

It alternates between REM and non-REM sleep periods throughout the night, sometimes randomly skipping between. REM periods get longer while non-REM get shorter (might explain why we more likely to be dreaming when waking up).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chronic sleep deprivation effects on: cortisol, brain cells, and other effects?

A

Increases the stress hormone levels

New brain cells fail to develop or are abnormal

mental flexibility, attention, mood, creativity diminished.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

disorder where breathing stops briefly during sleep, which causes one to gasp when awakened.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What characteristics of people are more likely to have sleep apnea?

A

Older men and heavier people

20
Q

Narcolepsy

A

disorder where sudden daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep

21
Q

Cataplexy

what triggers?

A

some with narcolepsy have this;

Paralysis of REM sleep although still awake (might suddenly fall)

Laughing excitedly, telling joke, having orgasm are triggers.

22
Q

REM behavior disorder

A

Disorder where muscle paralysis is absent or incomplete in REM sleep. Can act out dreams.

23
Q

When does memory consolidation happen in sleep?

A

Stage 3/4 of non-REM sleep. But REM also is important too.

24
Q

Lucid dreaming

A

The dreamer is aware of dreaming (some claim to be able to control what’s happening).

25
Q

Problem-focused explanation of dreaming. What evidence?

A

Dreams reflect conscious preoccupations (relationships, work, sex, etc.) without any hidden meaning.

More likely than chance to contain material related to current concerns of an individual.

26
Q

What do dreams have to do with recovery for depressed individuals?

A

Pattern of dreaming where depressed people get more positive dreams as the night goes on.

27
Q

Cognitive approach of dreaming

A

Our dreams are just thoughts like when we’re awake. Except now there’s no sensory feedback.

28
Q

Activation-synthesis theory

A

Might explain bizzare dreams. Dreams are just neurons firing randomly during REM sleep. The cortex then synthesizes (integrates) the information to form an interpretation

29
Q

How might dream interpretations be self-serving?

A

More likely to give weight to dreams that fit with preexisting beliefs.

30
Q

Hypnosis

A

Procedure where practitioner suggests changes in sensations, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

31
Q

What characteristics make one more likely to be hypnotized?

A

Unsure. Unrelated to general personality traits like submissiveness/conformity etc.

32
Q

Does the hypnotist matter more, or the person being hypnotized?

A

The person being hypnotized’s susceptibility matters more.

33
Q

Can hyponosis accomplish something that can’t be accomplished?

A

No; the things can be done with proper motivation, support, etc.

34
Q

Hyponsis and memory.

A

Increases amount recalled, but also increases errors.

35
Q

Hypnosis and medical/psychological healing

A

Has been useful in psychological or medical problems. Stress, anxiety, obesity, asthma, etc.

36
Q

Dissociation theories on hypnosis

A

Consciousness splits into hidden observer and rest of the mind, allowing for the hypnotist to suggest how to interpret the world.

37
Q

Sociocognitive theories on hypnosis

A

Hypnosis is due to social influence (socio) of the hypnotist and the expectations (cognitive) of the subject.

Role-playing, but they genuinely believe it.

38
Q

Effects of meditation

A

improves attention, emotion regulation, helps with self-regulation (controlling addictions)

39
Q

Psychoactive drug

A

Drugs that influence perception, mood, cognition, or behavior

40
Q

4 classifications of drugs

A

Stimulants, depressants, opiates, psychedelics

41
Q

Stimulants

A

Speed up CNS activity. Excitement, confidence, well-being

42
Q

Depressants

A

Slow down CNS activity. Calm, drowsy. Enhances GABA activity (inhibits neurotransmitter communication).

43
Q

What organs does alcohol damage over time?

A

Liver, heart, and brain.

44
Q

Opiates

A

Works on same brain systems as endorphins. Feeling of euphoria (a rush).

45
Q

Psychedelics

A

Disrupts normal thought processes (like time and space).

46
Q

Placebo effects of alcohol

A

Men behaved more aggressively; both men and women reported more sexual arousal

tonic and lime juice vs. vodka, but both are actually just tonic and lime