Thinkers' ideas

Question 1

Marx and Engels

Answer 1

Centrality of social class. Historical materialism. Dialectic change. Revolutionary class consciousness. True common humanity can only be expressed under communism.

Question 2

Webb

Answer 2

Inevitability of gradualness - This argues for gradualist change through parliament. Expansion of the state.

Question 3

Luxemburg

Answer 3

Evolutionary socialism and revisionism is not possible as capitalism is based on economic exploitation. Proletariat must struggle for reform and democracy; this creates class consciousness necessary for overthrow.

Question 4

Crosland

Answer 4

Capitalism itself doesn’t drive social change, however managed capitalism can deliver social justice and equality. State-managed capitalism, e.g. mixed economy, full employment and universal social benefits.

Question 5

Giddens

Answer 5

Rejection of state intervention. Acceptance of free market. Emphasis on equality of opportunity, responsibility and community. Role of state is social investment in infrastructure and education.