Things to Remember Flashcards
What is the radial arm maze?
Measures spatial learning and memory in rats
Who created the radial arm maze?
Olton and Samuelson in 1976
What is The Morris water navigation task?
Used to study spatial learning and memory
What lesion impairs spatial learning?
Hippocampal
What are some ways of testing spatial learning in rats?
The Morris Water Navigation Task
T-Maze
What is the Latent Inhibition Test?
Tests for sensorimotor gating.
Define Latent inhibition
An animal’s unconscious capacity to ignore stimuli that experience shows is irrelevant to its needs
What test shows learned helplessness?
Yoked Shock Test
What test shows the effect of antidepressants on the behaviour of lab animals?
Behavioural despair test/Porsolt Test/Forced swimming test
Normal range for Carbamazepine
> 7mg/L
Normal value for Sodium Valproate
50-100mg/L
Normal value for Phenytoin
10-20mg/L
Normal value for Amitriptyline
100-200 micrograms/L
Features of Preoperational stage
Deferred imitation Symbolic Play Drawing Mental Imagery Language Semiotic functioning - uses symbols
When do primary circular reactions occur?
Sensoriomotor - 2-5 months
What is primary circular reaction?
Involve infants own body only
When do secondary circular reactions occur
5-9 months
What are secondary circular reactions?
Behaviour involves external objects
When do tertiary circular reactions occur?
12-18 months
What are tertiary circular reactions?
Experiments with different effects of same behaviour
When does phenomenalistic causality occur?
Preoperational stage
When does Syllogistic Reasoning occur?
Concrete Operational
What is increased in CSF compared to Blood?
Mg
Cl
What is the same in both CSF and blood?
Na
What is discredited stigma?
Individual assumes their difference is already known/evident
What is discreditable stigma?
Individual assumes their stigma is neither known about nor immediately perceiveable
% risk of Uncle/aunt developing schizophrenia
2%
% risk of neice/nephew developing schizophrenia
4%
% risk of grandchild developing schizophrenia
5%
% chance of identical twins developing schizophrenia
48%
% change of children developing schizophrenia
13%
% chance of sibling developing schizophrenia
9%
% chance of fraternal twin developing schizophrenia
46%
% chance of child of both parents with schizophrenia developing the condition
46%
% chance of child of one parent developing schizophrenia
13%
Name the secondary amines
Desimipramine
Nortriptyline
Protryptiline
Amoxapine
Who will be unaffected in X-linked dominant?
Sons of a man with the disease
Who will be unaffected in X-linked recessive?
Son from father
Who do sons receive their X chromosome from?
Mother
Which CN travel through the superior orbital fissure?
CN III-VI
Which CN travel through the internal auditory canal?
VII-VIII
Which CN travel through the jugular foramen?
IX-XI
Antidepressants for nocturnal enuresis in children?
Amitriptyline
Imipramine
Nortriptyline
Antidepressants for phobic and obsessional states?
Clomimipramine
Antidepressants for Narcolepsy?
Comimipramine
Antidepressants for Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Citalopram Escitalopram Sertraline Paroxetine Venlafaxine
Antidepressants for Social Anxiety
Escitalopram Paroxetine Sertraline Moclobemide Venlafaxine
Antidepressants for GAD
Escitalopram
Paroxetine
Duloxetine
Venlafaxine
Antidepressants for OCD
Escitalopram Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Paroxetine Sertraline
Antidepressants for Bulimia
Fluoxetine
Antidepressants for PTSD
Paroxetine
Sertraline
What is Anwesenheit?
Feeling of something or some preson
What is Telepsia?
Seeing objects far away
What characterises Cortical Dementias?
Impaired memory
Impaired visuospatial ability
Impaired executive function
Impaired language
Name some Cortical Dementias
Alzheimers
Picks Disease
CJD
What characterises subcortical dementias?
Generalised slowing of mental processes
Personality change
Mood disorders
Presence of abnormal movements
Name some subcortical dementias
Binswanger’s disease
Dementia associated Huntington’s disease
Dementia associated AIDS
Dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease
Dementia associated with Wilson’s disease
Dementia associated with progressive supranuclear palsy
Aim of Trust vs Mistrust?
Hope
Aim of Autonomy v Same?
Will
Aim of Initiative v Guilt?
Purpose
Aim of Industry vs Inferiority?
Competence
Aim of Identity v Role Confusion?
Fidelity
Aim of Intimacy v Isolation
Love
Aim of Generativity v Stagnation
Care
Aim of Integrity v Despair
Wisdom
Inducers of CYP450
Smoking Alcohol Barbituates Carbamazepine Phenytoin St Johns Worst
Inhibitors of CYp450
Chlorpromazine
SSRIs
Grapefruit Juice
Which gyrus is important for dreaming?
Lingual gyrus
Where is the lingual gyrus?
Occipital Lobe
Which gyrus is important for episodic memory?
Dentate gyrus
What does the Prosencephalon differentiate into?
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
What does the Telencephalon form?
Cerebrum
Striatum
Pallidum
What does the Diencephalon form?
Hypothalamus Subthamus Epithalamus Thalamus Pineal Body
What are the two parts of the Mesencephalon?
Tectum
Tegmentum
What is the Tectum made up of?
Superior & Inferior Colliculi
What is the Tegmentum made up of?
Red Nucleus
Periaqueductal grey matter
What does the Rhombencephalon differentiate into?
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
What does the Metencephalon form?
Pons
Rostral part of Medulla Oblongata
What does Myelencephalon form?
Caudal part of Medulla Oblongata
Declaration of Geneva?
Revision of Hippocratic Oath
Declaration of Helsinki?
Ethical principle of research in human subjects
Declaration of Tokyo?
Doctors should refuse to participate, condone or give permission for torture, degradation or cruel treatment of prisoners or detainees
Decleration of Malta?
Guidance for treating people on hunger strike
Declaration of Lisbon?
International statement of the rights of patients
Where is PrP?
Chromosome 20
Where is BDNF?
Chromosome 11
Enzyme involved in Homcystinuria?
Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency
Enzyme involved in Tay Sachs disease?
Beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase A deficiency
Enzyme involved in Gauchers disease?
Glucosylceramidase deficiency
What travels through Foramen spinosum?
MMA
What travels through Foramen ovale?
Mandibular division of CN V
What travels through Foramen lacerum?
ICA
What travels through jugular foramen?
CN IX-XI
Where is the jugular foramen?
Posterior fossa
Chromosome of Wolf Heirschhorn syndrome?
4p deletion
Signs of Wolf Hierschhorn syndrome?
Greek warrior helmet
Cleft lip
Microcephaly
Chromosome of Retts?
Xq28
Chromosome of Rubinstein Taybi Syndrome?
16p
Signs of Rubinstein Taybi?
Friendly disposition?
Name of XYY?
Jacobs
Chromosome of Coffin Lowry?
Xp22
Signs of Coffin Lowry?
Short
Slanting eyes
Broad Nose
Chromosome of Niemann Picks Disease
11p15
Who stated the driving force of personality was striving for superiority?
Alfred Adler
Who created group dynamics?
Bion
Three parts of group dynamics
Fight or flight
Dependency
Pairing
Who created interpersonal therapy?
Harry Sullivan
Thorndike’s law of effects
The tendency of an action to occur depends on the effect it has on the environment.
What is a Haplotype?
Set of DNA variations that are inherited together
What is a Karyotype?
Individual’s collection of chromosomes
Withdrawl features of Cocaine and Amphetamine
Hypersomnia
Hyerphagia
Irritability/agitation
Vivid dreams
Withdrawal symptoms of MDMA/Ecstacy
Depression
Insomnia
Depersonalisation
Derealisation
Withdrawal syndrome of Cannabis
Insomnia
Irritability
Reduced appetite
Who found Isopronazid?
Kline
Who discovered the cheese effect of MAOIs?
Backwell
Who discovered Chlorpromazine?
Charpentier
Who discovered Imipramine?
Kuhn
Who discovered ECT?
Cerletti
Who coined the term antidepressant?
Lurie
Who discovered insulin shock therapy?
Sakel
Who discovered frontal leucotomy for schizophrenia?
Moniz
Who discvered Metrazol Therapy?
Meduna
Types of MSA
Shy-Drager
Striatonigral
Olivopontocerebellar
Macroscopic findings of MSA
Pallor of substantia nigra
Greenish discolouration and atrophy of the putamen
Cerebellar atrophy
Microscopic findings of MSA
Papp-Lantos bodies (alpha-synuclein inclusions in oligodendrocytes found in the substantia nigra, cerebellum, and basal ganglia)
Who created the terms of Acculturation?
John Berry
Who is the founder of Gestalt Psychology?
WIlliam Wundt
Poor metabolisers of CYP 2D6?
Backs
Jaw jerk CN?
CN V
Related mutations for Retts?
MECP2
Related mutations for suicidal behaviour?
TPH
Functions of Cingulate gyrus
Regulates aggressive behaviour
Coordinates response to pain
Where is cingulate gyrus?
Medial aspect of cerebral hemisphere next to corpus callosum
Who coined Cognitive Heuristics?
Tversky
Kahneman
What is anchoring and adjustment
Starting from initial value that is adjusted to yield final value.
E.g. For example in one study a mock jury was told to contemplate the harshest verdict first. The final verdict was found to be relatively harsh.
What enzyme does CYP 2D6 encode?
Debrisquine Hydroxylase
Where is oxytocin synthesised?
Paraventricular nucleus
Where is ADH synthesized?
Supraoptic nucleus
Name the projection tracts
Corticospinal Corticobulbar Corona Radiata Internal capsule Geniculocalcarine tract
Which tract connects motor cortex to brain stem and spinal cord?
Corticospinal
Corticobulbar
What does Geniculocalcarine tract connect?
Lateral geniculate nucleus to occipital cortex
Name the Commissural tracts?
Corpus Callosum
Anterior Commissure
What does anterior commissure connect?
Anterior fibres: olfactory bulbs &nuclei
Posterior fibres: middle & inferior temporal gyrus
Name the Association Fibres
Cingulum
Superior & Inferior Orbitofrontal fasciculus
Uncinate Fasciculus
Superior & Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus
What is the arcuate fasciculus?
Superior Longitudinal Fascilulus
What does Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus connect?
Occipital & Temporal lobes
What does Arcuate Fasciculus connect?
Frontal lobe to Parietal, Temporal & Occipital lobes
What does Uncinate fasciculus connect?
Orbital & inferior frontal gyri of frontal lobe to anterior temporal lobe
What does Cingulum connect?
Portions of Frontal, Parietal and Temporal lobes
What are Papp Lantos Bodies?
Glial cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in CNS
What are Papp Lantos Bodies found in?
MSA
What are Asteroid bodies found in?
Sarcoidosis
Berylliosis
How do Asteroid bodies appear?
Acidophilic
Stellate inclusions in giant cells
How do Barr bodies appear
Dark staining mass in contact with nuclear membrance
Which conditions are Mallory bodies found in?
Alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis
Wilsons Disease
PBC
How do Mallory bodies appear?
Alcoholic hyalin
Eosoniphilic intracytoplasmic includions in hepatocytes
What conditions are Schauman bodies found in
Sarcoidosis
Berylliosis
How do Schauman bodies appear
Concentrically laminated inclusions in giant cells
What consitions are Cebra bodies found in?
Niemann-Pick disease
Tay Sachs
Any of the mucopolysaccharidoses
How do Zebra bodies appear?
Palisaded lamellated membranous cytoplasmic bodies in macrophages
What conditions are LE bodies/Hematoxylin bodies found in?
SLE
How do LE bodies appear?
Nuclei of damaged cels within bound anti-nuclear antbodies become homogenous and loose chromatin pattern
Which conditions do Verocay Bodies appear in?
Schwannoma
How do Verocay bodies appear?
Palisades of nuclei at end of fibrillar bundle
What are Kuru plaques found in?
Kuru
Gerstmann-Straussler Syndrome
CJD (sometimes)
What are Kuru plaques made of?
Host-encoded prion protein
Licensed drug for TD?
Tetrabenazine
What can increase levels of Lamotrigine?
Sertraline
Valproate
Macroscopic findings in Huntingtons
Gyral atrophy in frontal and temporal lobs
Mutational link in ADHD?
DAT1
Type I reaction?
IgE mediated
TII reaction?
Cytotoxic - IgG/IgM binds to cell
TIII reaction?
Immune complex - drug-antibody complex
How do TII reactions manifest?
Blood abnormalities
How do TIII reactions manifest?
Fever
Rash
Urticaria
Vasculitis
TIV reaction?
Cell mediated
MHC system presents drug molecules to T cells
Manifestation of TIV reaction?
Allergic contact dermatitis
Rashes
EEG findings of TLE?
Localised 5-7 Hc
EEG findings of Myoclonic Epilepsy?
Polyspike
EEG finding of Metabolic infections?
Triphasic 1.5-3 second high voltage slow waves
EEG findings of Herpes Simplex?
Episodic discharges every 1-3 seconds
What is polarised delusion?
Delusion + fact mixed together
What is a juxtaposed delusion?
Delusion + fact exist together but do not ineract
What is autistic delusion?
No reality
Patient lives in delusional world
Who coined the term group dynamics?
Bion
Function of unconscious in group dynamics?
Protect group from pain of reality
Groups in Group dynamics?
Working Group
Basic Assumption Group
What is the working group?
Works well and gets job done
What is the basic assumption group?
Acts out primitive fantasies
Prevents things from getting done
What is dependency in group dynamics?
Group turns to leader to protect them from anxiety
What is fight-flight in group dynamics?
Group acts as if there is an enemy who must be attacked or avoided.
What is Pairing in group dynamics?
Group acts as if answer lies in pairing of two members.
Hz of Sigma?
12-14Hz
Where is Sigma wave found?
Frontal and central regions
Another name for Sigma wave?
Sleep spindle
Hz of Gamma wave?
30-100 Hz
When do you see Gamma waves?
Meditation
Which Dopamine receptors are referred to as D1 like?
D1
D5
What do D1 like receptors do?
Activate adenylate cyclase, increase cAMP
Which receptors are D2 like?
D2
D3
D4
What do D2 like receptors do?
Inhibits adenylate cyclase and therefore inhibits formation of cAMP
Spastic speech
Increased nasality
Stained, hoarse voice
Slow, imprecise articulation
Explosive, forceful
Flaccid speech
Breathy, nasal voice
Imprecise consonants
Diseases which would give flaccid speech
Myasthenia Gravis
Hypokinetic speech
Breathy monotone
Quiet, reduced articulation
Fast, imprecise
Diseases which would give hypokinetic speech
Parkinsons
Hyperkinetic speech
Strained hoarseness
Voice arrests
Diseases causing hyperkinetic speech
Huntingtons
Sydenham’s chorea
Tardive Dyskinesia
Ataxic speech
Rapid
Monopitched
Slurred
Thurstone’s argument for intelligence?
Inteligence arises from 7 factors:
Word fluency Verbal comprehension Spatial visualization Number facility Associative memory Reasoning Perceptual speed
Connections of Basal Ganglia
Cortex -> Striatum -> Internal segment of globus pallidus -> thalamus -> cortex
What does Wahnstimmung mean?
Delusional Mood?
What is the structural model?
Id
Ego
Superego
Risk factors for agranulocytosis
Asian
African
Female
Old Age