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MRCPsych Part A big > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What are attitudes made of?

A

Belief

Value

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2
Q

What is belief?

A

Based on knowledge of the world and link object to an attribute.
Non-evaluative
Objective

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3
Q

What is value?

A

Relate to importance/desirability of object.

Subjective.

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4
Q

What are the three components of attitude according to the three component model?

A

Affective - how the person feels about the object
Cognitive - thoughts, knowledge about the object
Behavioural - actual/intended response to object

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5
Q

What are the functions of attitude according to Katz?

A

Knowledge - simplify world
Value exxpressive - reflect self-concepts (e.g. vegetarianism)
Social adjustment - social acceptance
Ego-defensive - protects character

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6
Q

What does self-perception theory about attitudes say?

A

That self-report of attitude after a behaviour is an inference of one’s own behaviour and context.

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7
Q

What can we use to measure attitudes?

A 
Thurstone scale
Likert scale
Sociometry
Scalograms (Guttman)
Osgood's semantic differential scale
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8
Q

Explain how the Thurstone scale works

A

Hundreds of statements produced
Presented to judges who score statements on 11-oint scale
Set number of statements chosen based on consistent scaling
Subject then chooses which statement he agrees with

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9
Q

Explain how Likert scale works

A

Includes graded agree to disagree measures

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10
Q

Explain how sociometry scale works

A

Used to measure interpersonal attitudes in grid-like fashion (sociograms)

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11
Q

Explain how scalograms work

A

Include cumulative statements where accepting a statement means accepting all below the statement in a step-wise fasion

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12
Q

Explain how Osgood’s semantic differential scale works

A

Used to measure verbally expressed attitudes.
Allows different attitudes about a topic to be measured on one scale.
7-point scale

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13
Q

What does actual behaviour depend upon?

A

Perceived consequences
Social desirability
Habitual behaviours
Situational factors

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14
Q

What do we use to develop our self-concept?

A

Reaction of others (theory of looking glass self - Cooley)
Comparison with others
Social roles we play
Identification with role models

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15
Q

At what age do children show self-recognition?

A

20 months

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16
Q

What famous experiment shows self-recognition in children?

A

Touching the dot (touching the dot on ones face rather than in the mirror)

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17
Q

At what age does autobiographical memory develop?

A

3.5-4.5 years

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18
Q

Who developed the naive/common sense psychology?

A

Heider (1958)

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19
Q

What does the common sense psychology state?

A

People try to under stand others behaviours by piecing together information until they arrive at a reasonable explanation

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20
Q

What does Kelly’s co-variation model state?

A

We attribute behaviours to events that co-vary with those behaviours over time.

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21
Q

What are the three factors one must take into account when measuring the validity of inference in attribution?

A

Consensus - is it everyone or just the person we are looking at
Distinctiveness - does the person behave this way to other events as well or only this event?
Consistency - does the person behave this way to this event every time?

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22
Q

What is suggested if consensus is low?

A

Dispositional attribution is made - it is the person specifically

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23
Q

What is suggested if consistency is low?

A

Situational attribution is made - there is something in the context rather specifically in the person.

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24
Q

Who developed the systematic attributional theory?

A

Weiner

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25
Q

What does the systematic attributional theory state?

A

Three dimensions in process of attributions:
Locus (external/internal)
Stability (transient/permanent)
Controllability

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26
Q

What types of attribution bis occur?

A 
Fundamental attribution error/correspondence bias
Actor-observer effect
Self-serving bias
Just world hypothesis
False consensus effect
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27
Q

What is the correspondence bias?

A

Overestimating dispositional factors and not situational factors while attributing cause of other’s behaviour.
Allows sense of predictability about the person.

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28
Q

What is the actor-observer effect?

A

When one is involved as an agent in a specific behaviour and attributes external causality to the behaviour.
Others who observe may invoke internal causality.

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29
Q

What is self-serving bias?

A

Offers self-enhancement and defense for behaviours.

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30
Q

What is the just world hypothesis?

A

The idea that everyone gets what they deserves.

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31
Q

What is the false consensus effect?

A

Tendency to view other person’s behaviour as representative of a group’s behaviour

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32
Q

What type of attribution bias leads to blame-the-victim culture e.g. bad things happen to bad people?

A

Just world hypothesis

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33
Q

Who does the first impression effect work best on?

A

Strangers

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34
Q

What is the Halo effect?

A

Tendency to perceive others as wholly good or bad based on few observed traits.

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35
Q

What is the Barnum/Forer effect?

A

The predisposition to believe that general, vague personality descriptions have specific relevance to individuals.

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36
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect?

A

Short-term improvement caused by observing worker performance.

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37
Q

What is the Pygmalion/Rosenthal effect?

A

Form of self-fulfilling prophecy - where students with poor expectations from teachers internalize this label and perform poorly (and vice versa).

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38
Q

At what age does theory of mind develop?

A

3.5-4.5 years

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39
Q

What are first-order false belief tasks?

A

These tasks relate to the understanding that other people can have their own thoughts about a situation

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40
Q

At what age do first-order false belief tasks occur?

A

4 years of age

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41
Q

What are second-order false belief tasks?

A

Tasks which relate to the understanding that other people can have their own thoughts about a third person’s state of mind.

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42
Q

At what age do children develop second-order false belief tasks?

A

6 years of age.

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43
Q

Where in the brain is theory of mind thought to be held?

A

Amygdala
Orbitofrontal cortex
Inferior parietal and medial frontal cortex

44
Q

What does the SVR theory suggest?

A

Relationships proceed from stimulus to values to role stage.

45
Q

Types of love?

A

Companionate
Passionate
Consummate
Fatuous

46
Q

What is companionate love?

A

Intimacy & commitment

Passion not high

47
Q

What is passionate love?

A

Intimate & passionate

Not much commitment

48
Q

What is consummate love?

A

Intimacy, passion and commitment all mixed

49
Q

What is fatuous love?

A

Passion and commitment

No intimacy

50
Q

What are the functions of language?

A

Ideational - to interpret experience
Interpersonal - communicate thoughts and experience
Textual - to organise message with language

51
Q

What are the terms for the study of sound structure?

A

Phonology

Morphology

52
Q

What does syntax mean?

A

Study of sentence structure

53
Q

What is pragmatics in linguistics?

A

Study of connection of context to meaning

54
Q

What is semiotics?

A

Study of signs and symbols in relation to their form and context

55
Q

What is the Whorfian hypothesos/Sapir-Whorf linguistic relativity hypothesis?

A

It states that the semantics of a language can affect the way a speaker perceives the world.

56
Q

What is linguistic determinism?

A

Same as Whorfian hypothesis

57
Q

What is the low ball tactic in persuasive communication?

A

Hiding disadvantages initially, only revealing them once agreement is reached

58
Q

What is the ingratiation effect?

A

Eliciting likeableness in persuasive communication

59
Q

What type of arguments result in behaviour change?

A

Two-sided
Moderately fear-inducing
Feeling vulnerable
Credibility of perceived message

60
Q

Define propaganda

A

Mass suggestion/influence via emotional manipulation of an individual

61
Q

What is groupthink?

A

The desire to agree with other members can override rational judgement

62
Q

What are the bases of social power?

A

Reward - give positive/remove negative consequences
Coercive - punish those who do not conform
Legitimate - that someone has the right
Referent - through association with others who have power
Expert
Information - based on controlling information

63
Q

What are the types of leadership?

A

Autocratic
Democratic
Laissez-Faire

64
Q

What is autocratic leadership?

A

Leaders decision-making occurs without consultation from others.

65
Q

What is Laissez-faire leadership?

A

Leaders involvement in decision-making is minimal.

66
Q

Components of prejudice

A

Cognitive - stereotypes
Affective - hostility
Behavioural

67
Q

Theories of prejudice

A 
Adorno's authoritatian personality theory
Scapegoating theory
Relative deprivation theory
Realistic conflict theory
Social identity theory
68
Q

What does Adorno’s authoritarian personality theory state?

A

Difficult upbringing and disciplinarian childhood may lead to projection of difficulties and generalised prejudice.

69
Q

What is the scapegoating theory?

A

Related to frustration-agression model of Dollard.

In extreme frustration when source is too powerful, we may displace aggression to a soft target/scapegoat.

70
Q

What is relative deprivation theory in prejudice?

A

Relative deprivation: discrepancy between actual attainment and societal expectations.
Acute change in relative deprivation can cause unrest and scapegoating.

71
Q

What is the realistic conflict theory in prejudice?

A

Mere suggestion of competition is enough to trigger prejudice.

72
Q

What is social identity theory in prejudice?

A

Individual’s positive self-image depends on personal and social identities. Thus, each person tries to improve his groups success which leads to prejudice against other groups.

73
Q

How can we reduce prejudice?

A 
Blue eyes and brown eyes experiment (Elliott)
Contact hypothesis (Allport)
74
Q

What is the blue eyes and brown eyes experiment?

A

Prejudice exhibited by a person could be lesser if they have experienced prejudice themselves.

75
Q

What is the contact hypothesis?

A

When contact occurs between opposite group members of equal status and goals, this can reduce prejudice.

76
Q

Types of aggression

A 
Hostile
Instrumental
Positive
Pathological
Overt
Covert
77
Q

What is hostile aggression?

A

Aimed at hurting others

78
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

Used as means to an end.

79
Q

What is pathological aggression?

A

Violent for the sake of being violent

80
Q

What is the type of aggression displayed when one needs to express negative feelings

A

Hostile

81
Q

What can theories of aggression be divided into

A

Hydraulic/build up models

Non-hydraulic models

82
Q

What theories of aggression come under the hydraulic model?

A

Psychoanalysis
Evolutionary
Territorial imperative

83
Q

Explain the psychoanalysis theory of aggression

A

Human aggression is due to the death instinct, Thanatos.

84
Q

What is Thanatos?

A

An instinctive, biological destructive death related urge that gradually builds up in everyone and must be released at some point.

85
Q

What is the evolutionary theory of aggression?

A

Via natural selection, aggression ensures survival of genes - survival of fittest.

86
Q

What is the territorial imperative theory of aggression? (Lorenz)

A

Aggression is a fixed action pattern elicited by specific sign stimuli.
Animal aggression = territorial imperative
Human = constructive.

87
Q

What do non-hydraulic models of aggression suggest?

A

Refute the notion of ‘building up’ or ‘release.’

88
Q

What theories come under the non-hydraulic model of aggression?

A 
Genetic theory
Social learning theory
Frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard)
Aggressive cue theory (Berkowitz)
Generalised arousal theory
Festinger's deindividuation theory
89
Q

What is vicarious conditioning?

A

Type of observational learning where learning is influenced by seeing/hearing about the consequences of anothers behaviour.

90
Q

What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis state?

A

That frustration always results in aggression. Thus, aggression will not occur if a person is not frustrated.

91
Q

What is the aggressive cue theory (Berkowitz)?

A

Frustration produces a readiness to respond aggressively; cues in the environment will then lead a frustration person to be aggressive.

92
Q

What is the generalised arousal theory?

A

Arousal from one source may energise some other response - transferred excitation.

93
Q

What is Festinger’s deindividuation theory on aggression?

A

People in groups act uncharacteristically more aggressive due to sense of identity and belong and diffusion of responsibility.

94
Q

What is prosocial behaviour?

A

Any action intended to help others.

95
Q

What is the Genovese effect?

A

Bystander apathy - in a crowd people are less likely to help another.

96
Q

What is pluralistic ignorance?

A

When members of a crowd look to each other for signs of distress but remain calm themselves, leading to misappraisal of situation being safe and therefore no action needed.

97
Q

What is it called when someone does not help another person because they assume someone else would have helped?

A

Dissolution of responsibility

98
Q

What is Ringelmann’s effect?

A

Social loafing - The larger a group, the less the individual performance as one thinks others will do the job.

99
Q

What is felt stigma?

A

The shame felt by the patients secondary to the fear of discovery and subsequent discrimination.

100
Q

Who proposed different leadership types?

A

Lewin

101
Q

Which leadership type leads to higher productivity?

A

Laissez-faire

102
Q

Which leadership type has low low levels of task completion?

A

Laissez-faire

103
Q

What is the Pygmalion effect?

A

Rosenthal effect

104
Q

Who created the concept of cognitive distortions?

A

Festinger

105
Q

Who developed the sociogram?

A

Moreno

MRCPsych Part A big (22 decks)

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