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Research Skills 2 > THINGS TO KNOW > Flashcards

THINGS TO KNOW Flashcards

1
Q

Define Null Hypothesis:

A

If 2 samples come from the same population, then ideally sample means should be identical.

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2
Q

Define Alternative Hypothesis:

A

Experimental manipulation has affected subjects. 2 samples are from diff population with different means.

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3
Q

What can a large difference between sample means suggest?

A
  1. 2 samples are actually from two different parent populations. Initial assumption that samples are from the same population are wrong.
  2. 2 samples are a poor reflection of the mean of the single population they are meant to represent.
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4
Q

The bigger the difference between the 2 samples…

A

the less likely one becomes and the more likely 2 become.

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5
Q

How many decimal places should you report too?

A

2 Decimal places.

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6
Q

What is homogeneity of variance?

A

The spread of scores roughly similar within each group, means both means are equally representative of their respective group.

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7
Q

At what point do results show inhomogeneity of variance?

A

When p is less than .05

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8
Q

What does Kurtosis mean?

A

The steepness and shallowness of a distribution curve.

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9
Q

What type of Kurtosis is Leptokurtic?

A

A steep curve, positive kurtosis value

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10
Q

What type of Kurtosis is Mesokurtic?

A

A normal curve, zero kurtosis value

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11
Q

What type of Kurtosis is Playkurtic?

A

A flat curve, negative kurtosis value

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12
Q

Define skewness:

A

Lack of symmetry in the distribution of scores.

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13
Q

Define negative skew:

A

Mean and median are smaller than the mode.

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14
Q

What is a type 1 error (Alpha error)

A

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is intact true. Accepting the experimental hypothesis then finding it is actually due to chance.

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15
Q

How do you reduce a Type 1 Error?

A

Change the significance to .05 to .01

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16
Q

What is a Type 2 Error (Beta Error)

A

Accepting the null hypothesis when it is actually false. Researcher couldn’t find a significant result when there actually was one.

17
Q

How do you reduce a Type 2 Error?

A

Increase the sample size. The larger the size, the easier to detect effects between groups.

18
Q

What is a potential problem of trying to reduce a Type 1 Error?

A

You may increase the chances of creating another Type error.

19
Q

What is a condition which distribution of a sample is normal?

A

The sample size is bigger than 30, the central limit theory.

20
Q

What is z-distribution?

A

A normal distribution with mean of 0 and SD of 1.

21
Q

What is a directional hypothesis? (One Tailed)

A

States the direction of the difference we expect to find.

22
Q

What is a non-directional hypothesis? (Two Tailed)

A

Expect an effect, do not state the direction of the effect.

23
Q

What one is most used in research?

A

Two tailed.

24
Q

Why do we use 2 tailed?

A
  1. Its more easier to obtain a result

2. Rare to carry a one tailed test and then replicate the exact same results. Research tends to extend further research.

25
Q

What is the critical region for a one tailed test:

A

Top 5% of the distribution, 1.96 z

26
Q

What is the critical region for a two tailed?

A

Reject the null hypothesis if obtained stat is p < .05. Allocate 2.5% to each side

27
Q

When do you use Chi-Square?

A

Categorical data, testing whether 2 categorical variables in a contingency table are associated.

28
Q

When do you use Fishers exact probability?

A

When the sample is small, violating the chi-square assumptions. Check the A information in the SPSS output. If the expected frequency is lower than 5 then use fishers exact prob.

29
Q

When do you use McNemar?

A

When you are looking for an association. Compares related samples of frequencies. Non parametric equivalent to repeated measures t test.

30
Q

When do you use Anova?

A

When there’s a number of groups in conditions and you want to compare performance in each.

31
Q

What are the advantages of ANOVA?

A

Enables us to compare lots of groups at once.

Enables to look at the effects of more than one IV.

32
Q

What is the degree of freedom for Between Groups in ANOVA?

A

number of groups - 1

33
Q

What is the degree of freedom for Within-groups in ANOVA?

A

number scores in each group minus 1 and then add them all together.

Research Skills 2 (4 decks)

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