Things idk

Question 1

Load Theory

Answer 1

Attention is a flexible pool of resources. If the primary task is demanding (high perceptual load), there are no resources left to do anything else. If the primary task is easy (low perceptual load) there is leftover capacity for distraction

Question 2

Split Brain Lab experiment

Answer 2

Showing the object to the left visual field, it will be projected to the right side of the brain. Since only the left side can produce speech, the participants would say they saw nothing. However once asked to reach and pick up the shape they saw, the left hand could do that very accurately.

Question 3

How does emotional value influence level of distraction

Answer 3

Presented people with positive, negative and neutral images in an experiment. People prioritised things with emotional value, with negative having some and positive having more. When reward on the line, people override distractions (top down modulation) and distraction lowered significantly.

Question 4

ESPS (Excitatory post-synaptic potential) - Glutamate

Answer 4

When glutamate triggers opening of ligand gated channels lets Na+ and Ca2+ ions into postsynaptic cell.
The cell depolarises and becomes more excited, more likely to fire

Question 5

ISPS (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) - GABA

Answer 5

When GABA triggers opening of ligand gated channels, they let Cl- flow into the cell. The cell hyperpolarises, becomes inhibited and is less likely to fire

Question 6

Reuptake

Answer 6

• The pre-synaptic cell membrane has neurotransmitter-specific “transporter” proteins that transport neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic cell. Allows cell to reuse neurotransmitter to conserve energy and lower amount of neurotransmitter that needs to be made]

Question 7

How does Alcohol affect neurons

Answer 7

Alcohol acts as an agonist (for GABA) and an antagonist (for glutamate). Binds to specific part of GABA receptors to make them even more inhibitory, Impact: More GABAergic inhibition leads to sedation (drowsy) and anxiolytic effects (anxiety reducing)
Also binds to glutamate receptors preventing the glutamate from exciting the cell.

Question 8

Substantia Nigra

Answer 8

High level of dopamine gives this area its dark colour - in patients with parkinsons, its pale

Question 9

Parietal Lobe

Answer 9

Spatial attention, Sensory integration, Object location (where objects are in space), Numerical cognition, quantities

Question 10

Blind spot

Answer 10

All the axons the carry visual info to the brain leave the eye as a single bundle called the optic nerve. At the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye is your blind spot (no photoreceptors)

Question 11

Place Cells

Answer 11

Place cells are neurons in the hippocampus that activate when an animal is in a specific location in its environment. They help form a mental map of space.

Question 12

Grid Cells

Answer 12

Grid cells are neurons that fire in a triangular pattern, helping animals understand their position in space and navigate through their environment.

Question 13

3 ways brain differs to computer

Answer 13

Brain is analog & digital, has billions of neurons that work in parallel, and is much slower, more approximate, and better at left algorithmic tasks.

Computer is only digital, has a single CPU where all processing happens, and is fast, accurate, and good at algorithmic tasks,

Question 14

What is at the precentral gyrus

Answer 14

primary motor cortex

Question 15

What is at the postcentral gyrus

Answer 15

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 16

Selective attention

Answer 16

The ability to prioritise some information while ignoring other information

Question 17

Bottom up

Answer 17

Take from the world and bring into our perceptual system

Question 18

Top down

Answer 18

Use knowledge to guide our perceptual processes

Question 19

Episodic buffer

Answer 19

Mental workspace that holds together all parts of our current perception or though. keep track of current set of events we’re involved in

Question 20

Generation effect

Answer 20

When people generate their own answer, they do a much better job than the things they passively read

Question 21

Bahrick et al (1975), Tested memory using yearbook photos

Answer 21

See that information can be retain over long period of times, just need retrieval cues to access it

Question 22

War of Ghosts findings

Answer 22

With repeated reproduction, narrative gist remained the same as first report

The stories got shorter, with culturally unfamiliar details omitted.

Normalisations - Details changed to match participant culture;

Question 23

Schema Theory

Answer 23

Memories are not reproduced, they are reconstructed. We use schemas to understand and remember the world

Question 24

General Learning Capacity

Answer 24

Children have highly developed pattern recognition systems
Allow children to form language categories through picking up on regularities, without resorting to innate language categories

Question 25

What happens when infants are presented with novel pairs of syllables in a study?

Answer 25

Infants become excited by novel pairs of syllables they haven’t heard together before, indicating that they recognize differences and are learning from these patterns.

Question 26

What is artificial grammar, and how is it used to study language development in children?

Answer 26

Artificial grammar consists of a set of made-up sounds (e.g., “Tu, pa”) used in experiments. Children look longer at novel words, showing that they can detect changes in familiar patterns.

Question 27

definition of thinking

Answer 27

• The conscious experience of generating mental representations and operating on them in some way.

Question 28

Hot Cognition

Answer 28

The mental processes involved in making judgements and decisions in situations involving strong emotion

Question 29

Enteroception

Answer 29

the feelings that come from the body

Question 29

Learning

Answer 29

An experiential process resulting in a relatively permanent behavioural change that cannot be explained by temporary states, maturation, or innate tendency’s.

Question 29

Psychological Constructionist Approaches (feldman barret)

Answer 29

Emotions emerge from the combined actions of core psychological processes:
- Core affect (in the body, positive or negative)
- Conceptualisation (what is it?)
- Executive attention (what is important about it?)
Language (what do I call it)

Question 30

Findings of baseball study

Answer 30

Emotional value = more detail
Greater preservation in negative memories (they were also more consistent)
- Positive memories more confident and felt more reliable

Question 31

Eckman Definition of emotion

Answer 31

• A small set of basic emotions that are evolutionarily adaptive, give rise to distinct emotional states and expressions and that are displayed universally

Question 32

Continuous view of development

Answer 32

Fundamental skills already present early in life and development involves gradual changes throughout the lifespan (changes in information processing abilities) - quantitative changes

Question 33

Correlational Measures

Answer 33

Simple to conduct, broad, cheap, cannot imply causation

Question 34

Experience measures

Answer 34

Short periods, can see how people navigate emotions in daily lives, picks up on small changes, high dropout rates

Question 35

Experimental Measures

Answer 35

Direct and specific, can determine cause and effect, expensive

Question 36

4 ways to measure subjective feeling

Answer 36

Self assesment manikin (infants), analog scale (valence not arousal), Geneva emotion wheel, PANAS

Question 37

Misinformation effect

Answer 37

Exposure to the wrong information following the event can contaminate subjects memory of what they witnessed

Question 38

Cause of identification errors

Answer 38

• Poor vision
• Stressfuk
• Different race
• Delay between event and ID
• DIdnt have long enough to view perpetratour

Question 39

False memory studies

Answer 39

1/4 of subjects in a therapy study can be led to believe they have a false memory - difficult to tell apart from real memories

Question 40

Roedinger & Mcdermont sleep study

Answer 40

Participants shown words relating to sleep schema, but not the word sleep itself. Then, after a delay, were asked to remember as many words as possibe. Key findings: sleep was falsely recalled almost always

Question 41

Darwin corresponsence experiment

Answer 41

Studied facial expressions inspired by duchennes electrical stimulation photograph
- Found that facial expressions are innate and shared across cultures
- Looked at whether photographs accurately captured emotion and can emotions be electrically stimulated

Question 42

Electrodermal responding

Answer 42

Measures SCR as a result of parasympathetic activation

Question 43

Facial Electromyography

Answer 43

Captures activity in smile and frown muscles