Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL114 > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system

A

A collection or network circuit of neurons and glial cells. It is highly conserved, seen in all classes of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most simple nervous system

A

Forms a net

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nervous system of planaria

A

Has a little brain (concentration of neurons) and has two nerve cords down either side of its body which forms communication from tip to tail, and left to right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the nervous system of a leech

A

Central nerve, one coming either side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the nervous system of an insect

A

Brain, and in each segment, there is a cluster of nerves on each segment (ganglions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the nervous system of a vertebrate

A

Brain, central spinal cord, each vertebrae has dorsal and ventral nerve roots which allow information to get from sensory, into spinal cord, and to the brain (and the other way around)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Grey matter

A

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

White matter

A

Axons, covered in myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is myelin

A

White lipid fat that coats axons to allow for fast transmission of the signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Function of the nervous system

A
  • Information processing - each vertebra has information coming in through the dorsal and out through the ventral motor nerve route
  • Senses the environment (light, vision, sound, temperature, vibration, smell, taste)
  • Allow organisms to respond to the environment
  • Coordinates bodily functions
  • Voluntary movement
  • Reflexes
  • Memory, learning, emotion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

PNS

A

Everything but brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the nervous system work

A

Sensory information comes in (afferent neurons) it gets processed in the central nervous system, and then the information goes out (efferent neurons) to have a reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and digest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Enteric division

A

Digestive tract, moves food through the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Function of forebrain

A

sense of smell, regulates sleep, complex learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the forebrain contain

A

olfactory bulb and cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Function of midbrain

A

routes information (sorts information to parts of the cortex where it needs to go)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Function of hindbrain

A

Motor control (movement) and involuntary activity (heartbeat, breathing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why do we have a highly folded cerebellum

A

Allows a higher surface area, more neurons can fit in that space, more grey matter and higher ability for processing (allows us to speak and communicate and have a higher level of intelligence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Brainstem function

A

important for controlling involuntary parts of life (respiration rate, heart rate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 regions of the Frontal lobe

A

Motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, Brocas area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Motor cortex function

A

Initiate voluntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Prefrontal cortex function

A

decision making, planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Brocas area function

A

Speech formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Somatosensory cortex function

A

area where all sensory information from periphery goes to be processed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Contains somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Temporal lobe contains (2 things)

A

Auditory cortex, Wernickes area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Auditory cortex function

A

Hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Wernickes area function

A

Language comprehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the occipital lobe contain

A

Visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Function of visual cortex

A

Process visual stimuli and pattern recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Cerebellum location

A

Above brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Help movement, modulate the information going to and from the motor cortex, know where parts of the body exist in time and space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Neurons

A

Excitable cells specific to the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Glia

A

Group of other cells that support neurons, most abundant in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Why and how are your bodies immune system and brain separated

A

Blood-brain barrier - stop immune system from entering the brain to prevent infection in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Pericytes

A

Involved in blood-brain barrier to stop certain cells going through blood vessels easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Why can the brain not get infected

A

Heat, swelling, pain comes with infection, skull is in a fixed position and therefore brain cannot swell

41
Q

Astrocytes (glial cell) function

A
  • Communicate with cells around the blood vessels
  • Modulate the blood-brain barrier
  • Metabolic support of neurons
  • Do not generate action potentials
42
Q

Microglia function

A
  • Star shaped
  • Survey environment
  • Like resident immune cells in brain
  • Scavenge, consume dead and dying cells
    Allow for normal brain function
43
Q

Oligodendrocytes function

A
  • Lay down myelin on the axons of the neuron
  • Have fatty lipid sheets that they wrap around the axons
44
Q

Schwan cells

A

cells outside the CNS that lay down myelin

45
Q

Why is coating cells in myelin important

A

fast conduction of action potentials over long distances, allows the action potential to jump

46
Q

Function of the axon

A

transmits the action potential

47
Q

Function of dendrites

A

receive information from other areas and direct it towards the cell body

48
Q

Axon hillock

A

where the axon potential is generated

49
Q

Synapse

A

A widened area in close proximity to the next neuron (but not touching) - the synapse is the area that makes the next neuron more excited/inhibited

50
Q

How does neuron size correlate with signal conduction

A

Bigger the neuron, the more myelin it contains, the faster it conducts signals

51
Q

Sensory (afferent neurons)

A

Send signal to the CNS (pain, touch, light, blood pressure). Neurons tend to be small and unmyelinated = slow

52
Q

Interneuron

A

Transmit signal within the CNS. communicates between sensory and motor information. Tend to be small, short axons

53
Q

Motor (efferent) neuron

A

Send signal from the CNS to muscles and glands (large and fast)

54
Q

Unipolar

A

One axon

55
Q

Bipolar

A

2 axons

56
Q

Pseudounipolar

A

axons off to the side

57
Q

Multipolar

A

all the dendrites, big axon, and synapses

58
Q

Cone snails using all the types of specialist cells

A
  • Sensory neurons sense environment
    • When it senses a fish swimming past it gets integrated by interneurons
  • Motor neurons send motor output and send probiscis out to paralyse prey
59
Q

Key role of a neuron

A

Transmit signals by receiving info, processing it, and generating a response

60
Q

How are signals transmitted within a neuron

A

Electrically via ion movement

61
Q

How are signals transmitted between neurons

A

Chemically, using neurotransmitters

62
Q

Why is a resting neuron excitable

A

due to its resting membrane potential (negative - charge of inside of neuron vs outside of neuron (ions)

63
Q

How do Voltage gated ion channels work

A
  • When a certain threshold (voltage) is reached, they will open/close
  • Ion channels and ion pumps in the cell membrane allow ions to cross the cell membrane
  • These channels/pumps are specific for a particular ion(s)
64
Q

What is the RMP

A

The difference in voltage (charge) across a membrane at rest

65
Q

Normal conc of Na and K

A

Normally, sodium is present in high conc outside cell, and potassium is present in high conc inside the cell.

66
Q

Sodium potassium pump ratios

A

3 sodium for 2 potassium

67
Q

Purpose of sodium potassium pump

A

Change membrane potential via pumping of more sodium than potassium

68
Q

Voltage of gradient of RMP

A

-65 million volts

69
Q

What is Nernst potential

A

Is the membrane potential at which there is no net (overall) flow of that particular ion from one side of the membrane to the other.

70
Q

What is Hyperpolarisation

A

Making the inside of the cell more negative

71
Q

Effect of hyperpolarisation

A

(harder to create action potential, more stimulus required for neuron signalling - may be useful in chronic pain

72
Q

What is depolarisation

A

Making the cell more positive

73
Q

Why are action potentials “all or nothing”

A

If the stimulus is strong enough, a point of ‘no return’ is reached, where voltage-gated Na+ channels open

74
Q

How much energy does a neuron take to fire

A

-55 million volts

75
Q

Are action potential one or multi directional

A

Axon hillock moves down the axon in only one way

76
Q

Neuron at a resting state

A

Lots of sodium outside, lots of potassium inside
At rest, both voltage-gated channels are closed
This means Na stays outside, K stays inside
Only sodium-potassium pump maintains RMP.

77
Q

How does depolarisation work

A

Stimulus comes in, and opens some sodium channels. This allows Na to flow into the cell. The cell becomes slightly more positive due to influx of positive ions. Reaches a threshold (action potential becomes all or nothing

78
Q

What happens in the rising phase

A

All sodium channels open. Sodium comes into the cell making inside very positive

79
Q

What happens in the falling phase

A

All sodium channels open Sodium comes into the cell making inside very positive

80
Q

What happens during the Absolute refractory period

A

No other stimulus can elicit action potential. Allows transport of action potential to go only in one direction

81
Q

What is the meaning of undershoot

A

Membrane potential returns to normal

82
Q

What is a Graded potential

A

a hyperpolarization or depolarization that shifts the membrane potential a little but does not cause an action potential and is decremental

83
Q

Where does myelin come from

A

Schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS)

84
Q

What are nodes of ranvier

A

Where voltage-gated Na channels are present.

85
Q

What is saltatory conduction and why is it good

A

Myelin allows the action potential to leap along the axon to move faster (jump) and with this, neuron signals can travel faster and over long distances.

86
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Myelin sheaths around neurons are lost. Axons don’t have myelin, therefore, struggle to get action potentials from a to b. The resulting poor signal transmission leads to fatigue, paralysis and cognitive impairment

87
Q

Why are MS rates higher in Dunedin than Auckland

A

Seems to be higher the further from the equator you are (sunlight and vit D is a factor)

88
Q

What are the 3 min clinical forms of MS

A

Relapsing-remitting, Secondary progressive, Primary progressive

89
Q

Relapsing Remitting MS

A

(85-90% - autoimmune disease where T and B cells infiltrate blood brain barrier, get into CNS, and attack myelin coating). Characterised by immune attacks, resolution, than repeated attacks.

90
Q

Symptoms of MS

A

Poor balance, fatigue, spasticity

91
Q

What is/causes Parkinsons

A

Decreased dopamine results in disordered movement

92
Q

Symptoms of parkinsons

A

Tremors, poor balance, and muscle coordination, cognitive impairment

93
Q

How to treat parkinsons

A

Disease can be treated, but not cured. Taking L-dopa (dopamine pre-cursor) can restore dopamine levels,

94
Q

What are senses

A

Transformation of external energy into an action potential. Your sensory organs are designed to receive/convert energy, but its your brain that perceives these signals as images or sounds

95
Q

4 steps in sensory pathways

A

Sensory reception, Sensory transduction, Transmission,
Perception

96
Q

Sensory reception

A

The detection of a stimulus by sensory cells

97
Q

Sensory cells

A

either themselves a neuron, or are cells that interactions with a neuron via neurotransmitters.

98
Q

Sensory transduction

A

Changing membrane potential

99
Q
A

BIOL114 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions