Things i struggle with Flashcards
What is the difference between inequalities and inequities?
Inequalities is the uneven distribution of health determinants between different populations due to genetic differences or other factors such as lack of resources.
While inequities is preventable and unjust difference in health status experienced by certain population groups, arising from poor governance, corruption or cultural exclusion.
Criteria that could influence the likelihood of success of various injury prevention interventions
• Effectiveness –is there good evidence that the intervention is effective
• Cost –What are the costs of implementing and/or enforcing the program or policy (e.g, to families,property owner, society, the council). May be also relevant to consider who bears this cost as there
may be equity issues (e.g., low income families may not be able to afford some interventions).
• Freedom –Extent to which the freedom of a particular group is compromised can result in
resistance to the intervention.
• Equity – Horizontal equity refers to an intervention that treats all people equally or in a universalway; Vertical equity refers to a strategy that results in unequal treatment of people based on theirunequal risk of injury (e.g.,a strategy where a safety product is provided free to low‐income families
but not high income families).
• Stigmatization –concept that a program or policy should not stigmatize people wherever possible(e.g., could be problematic if a child/family have to identify themselves as being from a ‘low‐
income household’ to qualify for some particular product).
• Preferences / Acceptability of the proposed strategy to the affected community or individuals – importance of perceptions involved and socio‐cultural context, norms and values
• Feasibility –if effective, is it likely to be able to be implemented in the setting of relevance (e.g.,
Auckland City).
• Unforeseen adverse consequences (Not in Runyan article but important). This relates to situationslike fencing a property resulting in limited access to house from road and security concerns for
vehicle or personal safety.
Explain epidemiological transition
The change in the burden of disease in developing countries from becoming communicable diseases to non communicable diseases as their major burden of disease as this country becomes more developed.
Explain Burden of disease
In many middle income countries, increasing risk factors for non-communicable disease results in an increase in the burden of non-communicable disease, without a decrease in the burden of communicable diseases.
Name the ways to measure the built environment
Density and intensity - Amount of activity in a given area
Land use mix- Promixity of different land uses
Street connectivity - Directness and availability of alternative routes through the network
Street scale - Three-dimensional space along a street asbounded by buildings
Aesthetic qualities - Attractiveness and appeal of a place
Regional structure - Distribution of activities and transportation facilities across the region
What is the difference between social gradient and social capital?
Social capital - the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.
The social gradient in heath refers to the fact that inequalities in population health status are related to inequalities in social status.
Explain two advantages of DALYs
DALYs takes on non-fatal as outcomes and disabilities into account as well as deaths.
DALYs take the age of death into account, tus giving more information about the burden of death than the total number of deaths
