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POPHLTH 111 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Does measures of income have the greatest potential to change over a short duration?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Define Determinants of health For individuals

A

“any event, characteristic or other definable entity, that brings about a change for better or worse in health”

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3
Q

Define Acceptability

A

(Psychosocial Barriers)

The relationship between clients’ and providers’ attitudes to
what constitutes appropriate care.

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4
Q

I didn’t feel comfortable with the person is an example of

A

Acceptability

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5
Q

“I couldn’t get an appointment (e.g. the appointment times or service opening hours were not
convenient)” is an example of

A

Accommodation

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6
Q

What are the implications of (income) inequities?

A 
An unequal society
 Less social cohesion
 Less trust between groups
 Increased stress
 Reduced economic productivity
 Poorer health outcomes
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7
Q

How can you attempt to measure knowledge-related assets of an individual?

A

Measure of Education

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8
Q

How can you measure inequites?

A

Relative measures
– Risk Ratio (EGO/CGO)
– Extremal Quotient (highest rate/lowest rate)
– THESE MEASURES HAVE NO UNITS

• Absolute Measures
– Risk Difference (EGO – CGO)
– Range (highest rate– lowest rate)
– THESE MEASURES HAVE UNITS

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9
Q

How can we allow for equity in society in terms of these major health determinants?

A

Encourage governments/agencies to improve living and working conditions
• Provide opportunities to empower individuals
• Increase social connections
• Reduce barriers to health care/systems

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10
Q

What is a unique characteristic of Measuring Neighbourhood Deprivation?

A

Tends to use a ‘deficit’ approach to describing population health
– Describes populations in relation to what they ‘don’t have’

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11
Q

What is the Most direct measure of the material resources aspect of SEP?

A

Measure of income

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12
Q

Define Agency

A

the capacity of an individual to act independently and make free choices

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13
Q

What are the important distinctions between the impact on individuals and populations?

A

o Single gene disorders = rare among the population
o Polygenic inheritance = influences likelihood of offspring
developing a disease

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14
Q

Define Accessibility

A

(Geographic Barriers)

The relationship between the location of supply and thelocation of clients, taking account of client transportation
resources and travel time, distance and cost.

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15
Q

Define Deprivation

A

“Deprivation is a state of observable and demonstrable disadvantage relative to the local community or the wider society or nation to which an individual, family or group belongs”

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16
Q

Because asking for personal income can be a personal question what sort of bias can this lead to?

A

reporting bias

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17
Q

What diseases are associated with environments that favour more sedentary lifestyles and/or poor nutrition?

A

Chronic diseases such as CVD and obesity

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18
Q

determinants

A

“any event, characteristic or other definable entity, that brings about a change for better or worse in health”

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19
Q

What is level 2 of the Dahlgren & Whitehead model?

A

Social and community networks & Living and working conditions

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20
Q

What is level 1 of the Dahlgren & Whitehead model?

A

Age, sex, constitutional factors & individual lifestyle factors

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21
Q

The determinants must be

A

objective, measurable, and meaningful

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22
Q

Define Social mobility

A

the movement of individuals, families, households, or groups of people within or between social strata in a society

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23
Q

What is a healthy environment?

A

The physical, social or political setting(s) that prevent disease while enhancing human health and well-being

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24
Q

“I couldn’t get in touch with the health professional or the person I usually see” is an example of

A

Accommodation

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25
Q

Examples of determinants include

A

• Water, shelter, sanitation • Income • Employment • Education • Housing and neighbourhoods • Societal characteristics e.g. racism, attitudes to alcohol or
violence, value on children • Autonomy and empowerment – social cohesion

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26
Q

What factors can affect household income?

A

how many people in the family earn money

family size

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27
Q

Define Affordability

A

(Financial Barriers)

The cost of provider services in relation to the client’s ability
and willingness to pay for these services.

28
Q

Why measure SEP?

A

– are used to quantify the level of inequality within or between societies
– May highlight changes to population structures over time, between Census periods or even between generations!
– Are needed to help understand the relationship between health and other social variables (age, sex, ethnicity)
– Have been associated with health and life chances for as long as social groups have existed

29
Q

What is asking for the household income useful for?

A

useful for women who may not be the main income earner in the family.

30
Q

Define The ecological fallacy

A

• The error that arises when information about groups of people is used to make inferences about individuals

31
Q

Define Inter-generational mobility

A

refers to the change in socioeconomic position between a parent and their children

32
Q

Define Intra-generational mobility

A

refers to the movement up or down the social ladder in an individual’s lifetime

33
Q

I couldn’t be bothered is an example of

A

Acceptability

34
Q

What does a persons occupation affect?

A

– Social networks
– Work-related stress = psychosocial effects
– Occupational exposure to environmental risks

35
Q

The determinants of health may vary at different life-stages. What are these life stages?

A 
o Pre-birth 
o Childhood 
o Adolescence 
o Adulthood 
o Older-age
36
Q

Define Structure

A

social and physical environmental conditions/patterns (social determinants) that influence choices and opportunities available

37
Q

What is level 3 of the Dahlgren & Whitehead model?

A

General socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions & Living and working conditions

38
Q

What is At the core of the Dahlgren & Whitehead model?

A

factors that are sometimes referred to as ‘non-modifiable’ determinants: genes and biology

39
Q

What is Socio-Economic Position?

A

“The social and economic factors that influence what positions individuals
or groups hold within the structure of a society”

40
Q

What does NEET stand for?

A

Not in Education, Employment or Training

41
Q

‘I didn’t know how to (e.g. you didn’t know where to go or who to call for help or advice)’ is an example of

A

Availability

42
Q

Cost too much is an example of

A

Affordability

43
Q

What are the Three levels of influence?

A

Person
Community
Environment

44
Q

Define Downstream interventions

A

Downstream interventions operate at the micro (proximal) level, including treatment systems,
and disease management

45
Q

Why should we reduce inequalities?

A
  1. They are unfair
  2. They are avoidable
  3. They affect everybody
  4. Reducing inequities can be cost effective
46
Q

What are the three ways in which life course events can

interact to influence long term health and wellbeing?

A
  1. Cumulative (e.g. the ‘poverty trap’)
  2. Multiplicative (e.g. CVD risk factors)
  3. Programming (e.g. foetal stimulus/disruption affecting later life)
47
Q

Give examples of how Education can be measured as a categorical variable

A

– Educational attainment, milestones

– Specific achievements are important in determining SEP

48
Q

What are examples of some major health determinants?

A

Age • Gender • Ethnicity • Income • Education

• Occupation • Housing tenure • Crowded houses • Access • Deprivation • Racism

49
Q

What are the 5 As

A 
Availability
 Accessibility
 Accommodation
 Affordability
 Acceptability
50
Q

The staff were unfriendly is an example of

A

Acceptability

51
Q

Define the The ‘Inverse Care’ Law

A

“The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served”

52
Q

How can reporting bias be reduced when asking about personal income?

A

Use categorical measures as opposed to absolute measures.

53
Q

“I had no transport to get there” is an example of

A

Accessibility

54
Q

I was hoping that the problem would go away or get better with time is an example of

A

Acceptability

55
Q

What is an example of inequities in health?

A

Those inequalities that are deemed to be unfair or stemming from some form of injustice.

Health inequities are differences in the distribution of resources/services across populations which do not reflect health needs

• Relations of equal and unequal power

• political, social and economic as well
as justice and injustice

56
Q

What is an example of inequalities in health?

A

Measurable differences or variations in health
differences in health

experience and outcomes between different population groups - according to SEP, area, age, disability, gender, ethnic group

i.e. ‘the social gradient’

57
Q

How is occupation measured?

A

• Can be measured as:
– Current or longest held occupation
– Parental occupation in studies of younger populations
• Occupation is transferable
– Occupation of “Head of household” for spouse and dependents

58
Q

Give examples of how Education can be measured as a continuous variable

A

– Years of completed education

– Time in education considered more important than achievements

59
Q

Define Upstream interventions

A

Upstream interventions operate at the macro (distal) level, such as government policies and international trade agreements

60
Q

Define Availability

A

(Existence of Services Barriers)

The relationship of the volume and type of existing services
(and resources) to the clients’ volume and type of needs

61
Q

The built environment can be defined as:

A

‘all the buildings, spaces and products that are created, or at least significantly modified by people’.

62
Q

What does NZSEI stand for?

A

The New Zealand Socioeconomic Index of Occupational Status

63
Q

Elements of healthy environments include:

A 
– Clean air and water 
– Appropriate housing 
– Access to wholesome food 
– Safe community spaces 
– Access to transport 
– Opportunities to incorporate exercise as part of
daily life
64
Q

Define Accommodation

A

(Organisational Barriers)

The relationship between the manner in which supply
resources are organised and the expectation of clients.

65
Q

Define Equality of opportunity

A

everyone has the same chance of moving up the social ladder.

POPHLTH 111 (5 decks)

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