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Repro Final Exam > Things I cant remember > Flashcards

Things I cant remember Flashcards

1
Q

what nerve innervates the levator ani muscle?

A

branches of the pudendal nerve or direct sacral nerves of S3/S4

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2
Q

what level does the common iliac split?

A

L5-S1

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3
Q

what does the inferior gluteal artery supply?

A

piriformis, pelvic diaphragm, glute max, sciatic n

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4
Q

what does the iliolumbar a supply?

A

psoas major, iliacus, quadratus lumborum, cauda equina

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5
Q

what do the lateral sacral veins do?

A

anastomose with internal vertebral plexus –> collateral pathway to reach the IVC

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6
Q

what is the paracolpium?

A

thickened fascia from the vagina to the tendinous arch of the levator ani

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7
Q

what are the parts of the bladder?

A

apex –> points towards pubic symphesis
fundus –> opposite the apex
body –> between apex and fundus
neck –> bottom where urethra starts

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8
Q

what is the posterior ridge of the urethra?

A

urethral crest

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9
Q

what is the prostatic utricle?

A

remnant of the paramesonephric system

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10
Q

where does urine gather in a superior bladder tear?

A

intraperitoneal space

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11
Q

where does urine gather in a posterior bladder tear?

A

extraperitoneal tissue

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12
Q

what are the 4 parts of the fallopian tube?

A

infindibulum, ampulla, isthmus, intrauterine

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13
Q

what female structures lie above the pelvic pain line? what does this mean they are innervated by?

A

body and fundus of uterus, T10-L2 sympathetics

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14
Q

what 3 ligaments are in female endopelvic fascia only?

A

cardinal ligament
uterosaral ligament
pubocervical ligament

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15
Q

what is contained in the cardinal ligament?

A

uterine a/v

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16
Q

what is contained in the uterosacral ligament?

A

middle rectal a.

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17
Q

what is contained in the pubocervical ligament?

A

superior vesicular a.

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18
Q

what level is a spinal block for delivery?

A

L3-L4

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19
Q

what level is a caudal epidural?

A

S5-Co

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20
Q

what is the landmark used for a pudendal nerve block injection?

A

ischial spine

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21
Q

what can you palpate with a digital vaginal exam?

A

cervix, ischial spines, sacral promontory
pulsations of the uternine artery
cysts

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22
Q

what forms the lateral border of the urogenital triangle?

A

sacrotuberous ligaments

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23
Q

what vasculature is contained in the deep perineal pouch?

A

deep dorsal veins of clit and penis

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24
Q

from superficial to deep, what are the contents of the superficial perineal pouch?

A 
2 fascia and fat layers above this i forget 
bulbospongiosus/ischiocavernosus
bucks fascia
tunica albuginea 
corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum
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25
Q

what else is contained in the superficial perineal pouch?

A

superficial transverse perineal muscle
spongy urethra
pudendal n
internal pudendal a/v

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26
Q

how is the anterior scrotum supplied with blood?

A

femoral a. –> external pudendal –> branches to anterior scrotum, penis, labia, and clitoris

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27
Q

what nerve innervates the muscles of the superficial perineal pouch?

A

deep muscular branch of the perineal nerve (off pudendal)

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28
Q

What is contained in the vestibule of the vagina?

A

paraurethral glands
great vestibular glands
external urethral orifice
vaginal orifice

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29
Q

what makes up the bulb of the vestibule?

A

erectile tissue, bulbocavernosus muscle

30
Q

what connects to the perineal body?

A 
External anal sphincter
Bulbospongiosus muscle
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
Anterior fibers of the levator ani
Fibers from external urinary sphincter
Deep transverse perineal muscle
31
Q

what nerve plexus provides parasmpyhateic erecile stimulation to the lady parts?

A

uterovaginal nerve plexus

32
Q

what does the mesonephric duct become in females?

A

eoophoron and gartners ducts

33
Q

what comes from the urogenital sinus in females?

A

lower 2/3 of vagina,
greater vestibular glands,
urethral/paraurethral glands
membranous urethra

34
Q

what comes from the genital tubercle in males?

A

glans penis, erectile tissue

35
Q

what comes from the genital tubercle in females?

A

glans clitoris, erectile tissue

36
Q

what is the female homolog to the male prostate?

A

paraurethral glands, urethral glands

37
Q

what occurs in the epididymis

A

decapitation to prevent acromsomal activation

sperm learn to swim

38
Q

what is the function of the vas deferens?

A

sperm trasport and storage in ampulla

provides fructose and citrate

39
Q

what are the actions of estradiol in males?

A

bone maturation
growth
spermatogenesis
breast development

40
Q

what breaks down the functional layer of the uterus during menses?

A

matrix metalloproteinases and prostaglandins and constriction of the spiral arteries

41
Q

what are the functions of progesterone? 9

A

Stimulation of endometrial glandular secretions and spiral artery development.

Maintenance of pregnancy.

decrease myometrial excitability.

increases adhesiveness of endometrium

increase body temperature.

Inhibition of gonadotropins(LH, FSH).

Uterine smooth muscle relaxation (preventing contractions).

decrease estrogen receptor expression

Prevents endometrial hyperplasia

42
Q

what are the functions of estrogen?

A

Development of genitalia and breast, female fat distribution.

Growth of follicle, endometrial proliferation, myometrial excitability.

Upregulation of estrogen, LH, and progesterone receptors; feedback inhibition of FSH and LH, then LH surge;

stimulation of prolactin secretion.

increases transport proteins, SHBG; HDL;
decreases LDL

43
Q

What are the symptoms of endometriosis?

A

dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, menometorrhagia, infertility

44
Q

How does the LH surge form the stigma and eventually break down the ovarian wall?

A

proteolytic activity of the theca externa and tunica albuginea

45
Q

how do granulosa cells communicate with each other/

A

gap junctions

46
Q

what does LH surge do to the steriodogenic function of the granulosa cells?

A

inhibits aromatase so less estrogen

increases access to cholesterol for progesterone production

47
Q

what is released from the granulosa/theca cells to help break down the follicle wall/tunica albuignea?

A

cytokines and hydrolytic enzymes

48
Q

what happens when the sperm meets the plasma membrane?

A

something binds to izumo and sperm DNA condenses and a pronucleus forms arounds it

49
Q

other than maintenance of the CL, what is the function of hCG

A

autocrine –> growth of trophoblasts and placenta

50
Q

what is the funciton of syncytiotrophoblast?

A

secrete hCG, express adhesive proteins, break down ECM of uterus with metalloproteases and enzymes

51
Q

what occurs during the attachment phase of implantation?

A

interaction between surface proteins on trophoblasts and endothelial cells starts decidualization

52
Q

how do the endometrial cells change with decidualization?

A

more glycogen, structural changes

53
Q

what does a type A spermatogonia look like?

A

oval euchromatic (lightly condensed) nucleus

54
Q

what does a type B spermatogonia look like?

A

circular and darker

55
Q

where are early spermatids found?

A

niches in cytoplasm of sertoli

56
Q

where are late spermatids found?

A

in crypts of sertoli apical cytoplasm

57
Q

what is the process of spermatogensis?

A

making of the acrosome, tail, shaping, and condensation of nucleus of a spermatid

58
Q

where does most prostate cancer occur?

A

peripheral zone

59
Q

what is located in the central zone of the prostate?

A

periurethral mucosal glands

60
Q

what is in the transitional zone of the prostate?

A

periurethral submucosal glands

61
Q

what is in the peripheral zone of the prostate?

A

tubuloalvolar branched glands

62
Q

what type of epithelium is the prostate?

A

pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium m

63
Q

what is the function of corpora almylacea

A

rich in glycoproteins and Ca deposits

64
Q

what are the cell types in the epididymis?

A

simple or psudeostatified columnar ciliated

has principle and basal for repopulating

65
Q

what is the epithelial cell type in the vas deferens

A

psudeostratified columnar ciliated

66
Q

What directly surrounds erectile tissue?

A

tunica albuginea

67
Q

what causes gestational diabetes?

A

maternal insuline resistance due to pregnancy hormones

progesterone, cortisol, GH, lactogen

68
Q

what are risk factors of GDM? (6)

A 
high BMI
HTN
previous large baby
PCOS
current diabetes
being hispanic
69
Q

what are risks for mother during/after GDM? (6)

A 
stillbirth
preeclampsia
hydraminos
macrosomia
c section/birth trauma
increased risk of developing DM in future
70
Q

what risks are presented to the newborn because of GDM?

A

shoulder dystocia
neonatal hypoglycemia
hyperbilirubinemia
risk for being fat or having diabetes

Repro Final Exam (7 decks)

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